العلاقات الهجرية-الروسية

روسيا	هجريا

العلاقات الهجرية الروسية (بالروسية: Российско–турецкие отношения, (بالهجرية: Rusya–Türkiye ilişkileri)‏) is the bilateral relationship between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey and their predecessor states. Contact between the two countries have generally been severely strained and fraught with tension and confrontation over various disputes in recent years, especially over Russia's strong support of بشار الأسد، الذي تعارضه هجريا بشدة.

According to a 2013 BBC World Service poll, 30% of Turks view Russia's influence positively, with 46% expressing a negative view. According to a 2014 Global Opinion Poll, 73% of Turks view Russia unfavorably, and only 16% view Russia favorably, making Turkey among the most Russophobic countries in the world.

خلفية تاريخية

التاريخ المبكر

Slavic and Turkic peoples have been in contact for hundreds of years.

The Turks in Anatolia were separated from Russia by the Black Sea and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to the northwest and the Caucasus mountains to the east. The Turks founded the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia and began expanding outwards, while Russia was doing the same. The two empires began a series of clashes over the Black Sea basin.

صدام الامبراطوريات

Starting in 1568, the Ottoman Empire's support for smaller Turkic and Islamic vassal states in modern Russia (the Astrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, etc.) brought the two empires into conflict. These increasingly went in Russia's favour. By the 19th century, Russia was helping Turkey's Slavic and Christian minorities to revolt against Ottoman rule. Russia did not always have in mind the goal of partitioning the Ottoman state, fearing this would aid the expansion plans of the Austrian Empire in the Balkan peninsula, which was largely Orthodox. Eventually, however, the desire for free passage through the Turkish Straits and Pan-Slavist feeling at home pushed Russia in that direction, leading to the decisive intervention in 1877–78.

The two empires fought each other for the last time during the First World War. However, by the end of the war both monarchies had been either overthrown, or defeated.

هجريا والاتحاد السوڤيتي

The Ottoman government was party to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed between the bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers on March 3, 1918; the treaty became obsolete later the same year. Russian bolsheviks and the Soviet government headed by Vladimir Lenin, who emerged victorious from the Russian Civil War by 1921, viewed the Turkish revolutionary (national) movement under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal as friendly, and Lenin's government abdicated the traditional claims of the Russian Empire to the territories of غرب أرمينيا and the Straits. The Soviet supply of gold and armaments to the Kemalists in 1920–1922 was a key factor in the latter's successful grab of power in an Ottoman Empire defeated by the Triple Entente and their victory in the Armenian campaign and the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22).

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was the second state to formally recognize the Kemalist government of Turkey with the Treaty of Moscow signed on 16 March 1921 between the RSFSR's Lenin government and the government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (the Sultanate was still nominally in existence). Under the Treaty of Moscow, the two governments undertook to establish friendly relations between the countries; Article VI of the Treaty declared all the treaties theretofore concluded between Russia and Turkey to be null and void. The Treaty of Moscow was followed by an identical Treaty of Kars signed in October 1921 by the Kemalists with Soviet Armenia, Soviet Azerbaijan and Soviet Georgia, which formed part of الاتحاد السوڤيتي after the December 1922 Union Treaty.

After being exiled from the Soviet Union in February 1929, Leon Trotsky arrived in Istanbul and lived for nearly أربعة years (1929–1933) at a house in Büyükada Island, the largest of the جزر الأمير في بحر مرمرة، إلى الجنوب الشرقي من اسطنبول.

The first serious tensions in the countries' bilateral relations emerged during the negotiations that led to the signing of the Montreux Convention in July 1936, when Turkey regained control over the Straits which it was allowed to remilitarize.

While Turkey officially remained neutral during الحرب العالمية الثانية until 23 February 1945, the USSR viewed Turkey's continued relationship with Germany, whose warships were allowed passage through the Straits, as inimical to itself. On 19 March 1945, the USSR's Foreign Minister Molotov advised Turkey's ambassador in Moscow that the USSR was unilaterally withdrawing from the 1925 Non-Aggression pact; the decision was explained by asserting that "due to the deep changes that had occurred especially during World War II" the treaty did not cohere with "the new situation and needed serious improvement." The Turkish government was subsequently informed by Molotov that in addition to bases in the Straits, the Soviet Union also claimed a part of eastern Turkey, which was assumed to refer to the districts of Kars, Artvin and Ardahan, which the Russian Empire (وجمهورية أرمنيا الديمقراطية قصيرة العمر) had held between 1878 and 1921.

At the Potsdam Conference (July 1945), Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin demanded a revision of the Montreux Convention; the Soviet demand that the USSR should be allowed to join in the defence of the Straits was rejected by Turkey, with the backing of the West. In March 1947, with the proclamation of the Truman Doctrine, the US underwrote the frontiers of Turkey (as well as Greece) and the continued existence of non-communist governments in the two countries. Turkey sought aid from the United States and joined NATO in 1952. The USSR and Turkey were in different camps أثناء الحرب الكورية وطوال الحرب الباردة.

التطورات الأخيرة

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, relations between the two nations improved; on May 25, 1992, a visit to Moscow by Turkish Prime Minister سليمان دميرل saw the signing of a Russian-Turkish treaty.

Although disagreements regarding the border dispute over the Caucasus and support of each other's lifelong historical adversaries both linger. Russia is somewhat skeptical of Turkey's admission into the European Union which has the potential of damaging its relations with Turkey, but both countries are key strategic partners in the Transcaucasian region.

Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan flew to Sochi, Russia for a 16 May 2009 working visit with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin at which he stated, “Turkey and Russia have responsibilities in the region. We have to take steps for the peace and well being of the region. This includes the Nagorno-Karabakh problem, the Middle East dispute, the Cyprus problem.” Putin responded that, “Russia and Turkey seek for such problems to be resolved and will facilitate this in every way,” but, “As for difficult problems from the past – and the Karabakh problem is among such issues – a compromise should be found by the participants in the conflict. Other states which help reach a compromise in this aspect can play a role of mediators and guarantors to implement the signed agreements.” Whilst on the subject of energy security Erdoğan stated that, “The agreement on gas supplies through the so-called Western route signed in 1986 is expiring in 2012. We have agreed today to immediately start work to prolong this agreement.”^[]

Despite the disagreements of the past, relations between Turkey and Russia have improved and become exceptional under Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. In May 2010, a high level visit by the Russian President to Turkey saw the signing of numerous deals such as the lifting of visa requirements. The deals are also expected to make the current trade value of 38 billion dollars increase to as much as 100 billion dollars within the next five years. Both countries have found a mutual interest in shoring up large investments between the two states, especially in the energy sector, where Russia has shown significant interest. Turkey and Russia also signed a multibillion-dollar nuclear power plant deal which will be built by Russian company Atomstroyexport. It will be Russia's first built and owned foreign power plant. The project is expected to cost up to 20 billion dollars and investment in land, labour and capital will all be covered by Russia under the agreement, but will make this money back through electricity sales. The construction of the power plant in Akkuyu, Mersin, is expected to take up to several years to build, according to Prime Minister Erdoğan in a statement released shortly after the visit by the Russian leader.

According to the Turkish foreign trade minister Zafer Çağlayan, Russia offered Turkey the prospects of setting up a joint bank to further boost trade between the two countries, an example of the good ties forged by both countries in recent years.

According to a 2013 BBC World Service poll, 30% of Turks view Russia's influence positively, with 46% expressing a negative view.

بمناسبة زيارة فلاديمير بوتن لاسطنبول في أول ديسمبر 2014، فقد أعرب حتى حجم التبادل التجاري بين البلدين في 2013 بلغ 33 بليون دولار. منهم 1.2 بليون صادرات هجرية، لقاء 27 بليون صادرات روسية، منهم 1 بليون دولار حبوب (3 مليون طن)، أي حتى التبادل الزراعي متساوي.

وتطمح روسيا إلى حتى يصل حجم التبادل التجاري إلى 100 بليون دولار بعد أعطى أنبوب للغاز الطبيعي عبر هجريا إلى ميناء ألكسندروبولي اليوناني على البحر المتوسط.

حادثة اسقاط المقاتلة الروسية 2015

On 24 November 2015, Turkish F-16 combat aircraft shot down a Russian Su-24 during an airspace dispute close to the Turkish-Syrian border. Russian President Vladimir Putin described the incident as "a stab in the back by the accomplices of terrorists" and further stated that "today's tragic events will have significant consequences including for relations between Russia and Turkey".

Pertinent quotes by Russian President Vladimir Putin include:

"This incident stands out against the usual fight against terrorism. Our troops are fighting heroically against terrorists, risking their lives. But the loss we suffered today came from a stab in the back delivered by accomplices of the terrorists."

"IS has big money, hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars, from selling oil. In addition they are protected by the military of an entire nation. One can understand why they are acting so boldly and blatantly. Why they kill people in such atrocious ways. Why they commit terrorist acts across the world, including in the heart of Europe"

"It appears that Allah decided to punish the ruling clique of Turkey by depriving them of wisdom and judgment."

Pertinent quotes by Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev include :

“Turkey’s actions are de facto protection of Islamic State [...] This is no surprise, considering the information we have about direct financial interest of some Turkish officials relating to the supply of oil products refined by plants controlled by ISIS.”

In response, Russia imposed a number of economic sanctions on Turkey. These included the suspension of visa-free travel to Russia for Turkish citizens, limits on Turkish residents and companies doing business in Russia and restrictions on imports of Turkish products. Russian tour operators were discouraged from selling Turkish package holidays and asked to stop charter flights to Turkey while Russian football clubs were banned from signing Turkish players and discouraged from organizing winter training camps in Turkey. The day after the jet was shot down, a Russian law-maker, Sergei Mironov, introduced a bill to the Russian parliament that would criminalize the denial of the Armenian Genocide, a political move that Turkey has strongly opposed when countries like France and Greece adopted similar laws.

معركة إدلب

توصل الرئيسان الروسي ڤلاديمير پوتن والهجري رجب طيب أردوغان إلى بروتوكول إضافي لمذكرة إحلال الاستقرار في منطقة إدلب لخفض التوتر، المسقطة في 17 سبتمبر 2018. لوقف إطلاق النار في محافظة إدلب، يتضمن التالي:

جمهورية هجريا وروسيا الاتحادية، كضامنَين لمراقبة نظام وقف اطلاق النار في الجمهورية العربية السورية (اللذين سيشار إليهما لاحقاً بإسم "الطرفين").

• اعادة تأكيد سيادة واستقلال ووحدة أراضي "الجمهورية العربية السورية".
• اعادة تأكيد التصميم على مقاتلة جميع أشكال الارهاب وتصفية جميع الجماعات الإرهابية في سوريا التي صنفها مجلس الأمن الدولي (وتضم جبهة النصرة وداعش)، مع الموافقة على حتى استهداف المدنيين أوالبنية التحتية المدنية لا يمكن تبرير ضمن أي سياق.
• توضيح عدم وجود حل عسكري للنزاع السوري، الذي لا يمكن حله إلا عبر عملية سياسية يقودها ويملكها السوريون، وتسهلها الأمم المتحدة، بالاتساق مع قرار مجلس الأمن رقم 2254.
• التأكيد على أهمية منع المزيد من التدهور للأوضاع الإنسانية، وحماية المدنيين وضمان المعونة الإنسانية جميع السوريين الذين يحتاجونها بلا شروط أوتمييز، وكذلك منع تهجير الأشخاص وتسهيل العودة الآمنة والطوعية للاجئين والمهجرين إلى أماكن إقامتهم الأصلية في سوريا

اتفق الطرفا على التالي:

1- وقف جميع الأعمال العسكرية على طول خط الاشتباك في منطقة إدلب لخفض التوتر من الساعة 00:01 فيستة مارس 2020.

2- إقامة رواق أمني بعمقستة كيلومترات شمال وستة كيلومترات جنوب الطريق M4‏. وثمة متغيرات معينة لعمل الرواق يفترض أن يتم الاتفاق عليها بين وزارتي الدفاع الهجرية والروسية في خلال سبعة أيام.

3- في 15 مارس 202، ستبدأ دوريات هجرية-روسية مشهجرة على طول الطريق M4 من بلدة طرمبة (2 كم إلى الغرب من سراقب) إلى بلدة عين الحور.

البروتوكول الإضافي سيدخل حيز التطبيق من لحظة توقيعه.

أُبرِم في موسكوفيخمسة مارس 2020، في ثلاث نسخ، بالهجرية والروسية والإنگليزية، وكل النصوص لها نفس القوة القانونية.

المسقطون:

عن جمهورية هجريا

عن روسيا الاتحادية

وفي مارس 2020، رفضت هيئة تحرير الشام، إحدى الجماعات السلفية الجهادية المشاركة في الحرب الأهلية السورية، وقف إطلاق النار الذي تم التوصل إليه في موسكو، ودعت مقاتليها للاستمرار في القتال ضد الحكومة السورية والقوات الروسية.

انظر أيضاً

• الأتراك في روسيا
• الروس في هجريا

الهامش

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Relations of Russia and Turkey.

• (بالروسية) Documents on the Russia–Turkey relationship at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• (إنگليزية) Documents on the Russia–Turkey relationship at the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• (بالروسية) Russia–Turkey relations news from Turkishnews.ru

البعثات الدبلوماسية

• (إنگليزية) (بالروسية) (لغة هجرية) Embassy of Russia in Ankara
• (لغة هجرية) Embassy of Turkey in Moscow
• (بالروسية) Consulate-General of Russia in Antalya
• (إنگليزية) (بالروسية) (لغة هجرية) Consulate-General of Russia in Istanbul
• (بالروسية) (لغة هجرية) Consulate-General of Russia in Trabzon
• (لغة هجرية) Consulate-General of Turkey in Kazan
• (لغة هجرية) Consulate-General of Turkey in Saint Petersburg