الديانة الشعبية الصينية
| جزء من سلسلة عن |
| الديانة الشعبية الصينية |
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المفاهيم
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النظرية
الإنسانية النموذجية:
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الممارسات
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المؤسسات والمعابد
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مهرجانات
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تنطقيد داخلية
الأشكال الثقافية الرئيسية
التنطقيد الفلسفية الرئيسية:
تنطقيد طقسية:
تنطقيد تعبدية:
Salvation churches and sects:
الكنائس والطوائف الكونفوشيوسية:
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ديانات متعلقة
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| بوابة الديانة الشعبية الصينية |
الديانة الشعبية الصينية Chinese folk religion أوديانة الهان الشعبية Han folk religion، هي التقليد الديني لشعب الهان، والذي يضم تبجيل قوى الطبيعة والأسلاف، طرد الأرواح من القوات الضارة، والايمان بالنظام العقلاني للطبيعة الذي يمكن حتى يتأثر بالبشر وحكامهم وكذلك الأرواح والآلهة. العبادة مكرسة لتعددية الآلهة والخالدين (神 shén)، التي يمكن حتى تكون ظاهرة، سلوك بشري، أوالأسلاف. القصص المتعلقة بهذه الآلة مجموعة في الأساطير الصينية. بحلول القرن الحادي عشر (فترة سونگ) امتزجت هذه الممارسات بأفكار الكارما البوذية (التي يعملها المرء) والميلاد من جديد، والتعاليم الاطوية المتعلقة بهرمية الآلهة، لتشكيل النظام الديني الشعبي الذي استمر بعدة طرق حتى يومنا هذا.
معبد شوان‌يوان في ناحية هوانگ‌لينگ، شآن‌شي، مخصص لعبادة الامبراطور الأصفر.
للديانات الصينية مجموعة مرجعيات، أشكال محلية، خلفيات تأسياسية، وتنطقيد طقسية وفلسفية متنوعة. بالرغم من هذا التنوع، إلا حتى هناك جوهر مشهجر يمكن تلخيصه على أنه أربعة مفاهيم لاهوتية وكونية وأخلاقية:تيان (天)، السماء، المرجع المتعالي للمعنى الأخلاقي؛ qi (氣)، النفس أوالطاقة التي تحفز الكون؛ jingzu (敬祖)، تبجيل الأسلاف؛ وbao ying (報應)، المعاملة بالمثل الأخلاقية؛ جنباً إلى جنب مع اثنين من المفاهيم التقليدية للقدر والمعنى:ming yun (命運)، المصير أوالازدهار الشخصي؛ ويوان فن (緣分)، "التزامن المصيري"، الفرص الجيدة والسيئة والعلاقات المحتملة.
المصطلح
معبد إله بلدة وناو، ماگونگ، تايوان.
معبد هبو("رب النهر")، الإله (هى‌شن، "إله النهر") للنهر الأصفر المقدس، في هى‌تشو، شين‌ژو، تشان‌شي.
مذبح داخل معبد الآلهة الخمسة في هاي‌كو، هاي‌نان.
معبد إله المدينة دونگ‌من، في شيانگ‌شان، ننگ‌بو, ژى‌جيانگ.
الرموز
نظرة عامة
Communal ceremony at the Great Temple of ياندي Shennong (炎帝神農大殿 Yándì Shénnóng dàdiàn) in Suizhou, Hubei.
Statue of Mazu at a temple in Chiayi, تايوان.
التنوع والوحدة
التاريخ
الصين الامبراطورية
القرن 19 و20
Altar inside a Tudigong temple in Quanzhou, فوجيان. The back statue represents Tudigong (土地公 "Lord of the Local Land"), the one on the right Kuixing.
النصوص
هان الشرقية (25-220م) چوى، البوابات ذات الأعمدة المنحوتة من الصخر في دينگ‌فانگ، ناحية ژونگ، تشونگ‌چينگ الذي كان في وقتٍ ما جزءاً من معبد مكرّس للجنرال با مان‌زي من عصر الدويلات المتناحرة.
المفاهيم الأساسية لللاهوت وفهم الكون
التيان، واللي والتشي
Tian or Di as the square of the north astral pole.
"Tian is dian 顛 ("top"), the highest and unexceeded. It derives from the characters yi 一, "one", and da 大, "big"."
"Tian is dian 顛 ("top"), the highest and unexceeded. It derives from the characters yi 一, "one", and da 大, "big"."
اليين واليانگ—التشوي والتشن
| Yīnyáng 陰陽 motifs | |||
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泉郡溪靈宮 Quánjùnxī línggōng, the "Numinous Palace by the Brook in the Land of Springs", in Quanzhou, Fujian.
الهون والپو، والزو والشيان
Temple of the Filial Blessing (孝佑宮 Xiàoyòugōng) in Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang. It is a place for the worship of ancestors.
الباوينگ والمينگ يوان
Altar to the Stone Generals, protective deities, at the Kantai Tianhou Temple in Anping, تيانان، تايوان.
اللينگ والشيان‌لينگ—المقدس والنومن
Temple of Brahma, or Simianshen (四面神 "Four-Faced God") in Chinese, in Changhua, Taiwan. The Thai-style worship of Simianshen, from its origins among Thai Chinese, has spread over the latest decades among mainland Chinese and other overseas Chinese populations.
A shrine dedicated to Zhenwu in Wuqi, Taichung, تايوان.
التصنيف السوسيولوجي
أنواع الديانات العرقية-الأصلية
عبادة الآلهة المحلية والقومية
浦頭大廟 Pǔtóu dàmiào, the "First Great Temple by the Riverside", in Zhangzhou, فوجيان.
ديانة الأسلاف
Guanji temple (left) and Huang ancestral shrine (right) in Wenzhou, Zhejiang.
People forgather for a worship ceremony at an ancestral shrine in Hong'an, Hubei.
الطرائق الفلسفية والطقوس
التنطقيد الشامانية
Temple of the White Sulde of Genghis Khan in the town of Uxin in Inner Mongolia, in the Mu Us Desert. The worship of Genghis is shared by Chinese and Mongolian folk religion.
الكونفشيوسية، الطاوية ورتب القادة الدينيين
Temple of Fortune and Longevity, at the Heavenly Lake of Tianshan in Fukang, Changji, Xinjiang. It is an example of Taoist temple which hosts various chapels dedicated to popular gods.
Folk ritual masters conducting a ceremony.
The Temple of the God of Culture (文廟 wénmiào) of Jiangyin, Wuxi, Jiangsu. In this temple the Wéndì (文帝, "God of Culture") enshrined is Confucius.
الطوائف الدينية المنظمة
① A church of Yiguandao in Batam, Indonesia.
② The Luanist Rebirth Church (重生堂 Chóngshēngtáng) in Taichung, Taiwan.
Two influential and competing folk sectarian currents: ① Yiguandao focusing on personal salvation through inner work, considers itself the most valid "Way of Heaven" (天道 Tiāndào) and its own a "Way of Former Heaven" (先天道 Xiāntiāndào), that is a cosmological definition of the state of things prior to creation, in unity with God; it regards ② Luanism, a cluster of churches which focus on social morality through refined (儒 rú) Confucian ritual to worship the gods, as the "Way of Later Heaven" (後天道 Hòutiāndào), that is the cosmological state of created things.
The City of the Eight Symbols in Qi, Hebi, is the headquarters of the Weixinist Church in Henan.
التعاليم التياندية
الوي‌شينية
التنوعات الجغرافيةوالعرقية
الانقسام الشمالي والجنوبي
The Temple of the Mother Goddess of the Yellow River (黃河女神 Huánghé Nǚshén), a folk religious focus of a new residential suburb of the city of Qingtongxia, Ningxia, is possibly one of the biggest temples in China.
Altar to Baoshengdadi, whose cult is mostly Fujianese and Taiwanese.
الديانات الأصلية "الطاوية" للأقليات العرقية
The pan-Chinese Sanxing (Three Star Gods) represented in Bai iconographic style at a Benzhu temple on Jinsuo Island, in Dali, Yunnan.
الخصائص
| "Chief Star pointing the Dipper" 魁星點斗 Kuíxīng diǎn Dòu | |
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| Kuixing ("Chief Star"), the god of exams, composed of the characters describing the four Confucian virtues (Sìde 四德), standing on the head of the ao (鰲) turtle (an expression for coming first in the examinations), and pointing at the Big Dipper (斗)". |
نظرية التسلسل الهرمي والألوهية
الآلهة والمخلدون
Main altar and statue of Doumu inside the Temple of Doumu in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia.
Statue and ceremonial complex of the Yellow and Red Gods, from whom the Han Chinese are said to be the descendants, in Zhengzhou, Henan.
عبادة الإلهة الأم
Shrine of Bixia at Mount Tai, Shandong.
العبادة وطرق الممارسات الدينية
Procession with a traveling image of a god (xíngshén 行神) in central Taiwan.
Vows to a deity at a Chinese temple in Vietnam.
A Taoist rite for ancestor worship at the Xiao ancestral temple of Chaoyang, Shantou, Guangdong.
القرابين
الشكر والاستبدال
شعائر العبور
Guan Li, Confucian coming of age ceremony.
دور العبادة
① 玉皇廟 Yùhuángmiào
② 太母聖殿 Tàimǔ shèngdiàn
Examples of temples from two different parts of China: ① the Temple of the Jade King in Qingshui, Tianshui, Gansu; and ② the Holy Temple of the Highest Mother in Fuding, Ningde, Fujian.
شبكات المعابد والتجمعات
Gathering at a Temple of the City God of Guangzhou, Guangdong.
الديموغرافيا
البر الصيني وتايوان
Temple of the Founding Father (師祖殿 Shīzǔdiàn) of the principal holy see (聖地 shèngdì) of the Plum Flower folk religious sect in Xingtai, Hebei.
اقتصاد المعابد والطقوس
Folk temple on the rooftop of a commercial building in the city of Wenzhou.
الصينيون وراء البحار
Temple of Mazu in Yokohama, serving the Chinese of Japan.
انظر أيضاً
- بوابة الديانة الشعبية الصينية
- الآلهة والمخلدون الصينيون
- Chinese ritual mastery traditions
- شامانية صينية
- لاهوت صيني
- كونفشيوسية—كنيسة كونفشيوسية
- الديانة الشعبية الصينية الشمالية
- Nuo folk religion
- الطاوية
حسب المكان
- [[المعابد الصينية في كلكتا]
- الشامانية في جنوب شرق آسيا
تنطقيد وطنية مماثلة أخرى
- الشينتوالياباني
- شامانية كورية
- الديانة الشعبية الڤيتنامية
ديانات عرقية صينية-تبتية أخرى
- Benzhuism
- Bimoism
- Bon
- Dongbaism
- Qiang folk religion
ديانات عرقية أخرى ليست صينية تبتية موجودة في الصين
- Manchu shamanism
- شامانية منغولية
- Miao folk religion
- Tengrism
- Yao folk religion
- Zhuang folk religion
منطقات أخرى
- الدين في الصين
- عبادة الأسلاف
- البوذية—بوذية صينية
- أساطير الخلق الصينية
- أساطير صينية
- مفاهيم العالم الروحي الصينية
- ديانة عرقية
- فنگ شوي
- متجر الآلهة الدينية
- تيان
الهوامش
- ^ The graphical etymology of Tian 天 as "Great One" (Dà yī 大一), and the phonetical etymology as diān 顛, were first recorded by Xu Shen. John C. Didier in In and Outside the Square (2009) for the Sino-Platonic Papers discusses different etymologies which trace the character Tian 天 to the astral square or its ellipted forms, dīng 口, representing the north celestial pole (pole star and Big Dipper revolving around it; historically a symbol of the absolute source of the universal reality in many cultures), which is the archaic (Shang) form of dīng 丁 ("square"). Gao Hongjin and other scholars trace the modern word Tian to the Shang pronunciation of 口 dīng (that is *teeŋ). This was also the origin of Shang's Dì 帝 ("Deity"), and later words meaning something "on high" or "top", including 頂 dǐng. The modern graph for Tian 天 would derive from a Zhou version of the Shang archaic form of Dì 帝 (from Shang oracle bone script → , which represents a fish entering the astral square); this Zhou version represents a being with a human-like body and a head-mind informed by the astral pole (→ ). Didier furtherly links the Chinese astral square and Tian or Di characters to other well-known symbols of God or divinity as the northern pole in key ancient cultural centres: the Harappan and Vedic-Aryan spoked wheels,crosses and hooked crosses (Chinese wàn 卍/卐), and the Mesopotamian Dingir . Jixu Zhou (2005), also in the Sino-Platonic Papers, connects the etymology of Dì 帝, Old Chinese *Tees, to the Indo-European Deus, God.
- ^ Temples are usually built in accordance with feng shui methods, which hold that any thing needs to be arranged in equilibrium with the surrounding world in order to thrive. Names of holy spaces often describe, poetically, their collocation within the world.
- ^ The White Sulde (White Spirit) is one of the two spirits of Genghis Khan (the other being the Black Sulde), represented either as his white or yellow horse or as a fierce warrior riding this horse. In its interior, the temple enshrines a statue of Genghis Khan (at the center) and four of his men on each side (the total making nine, a symbolic number in Mongolian culture), there is an altar where offerings to the godly men are made, and three white suldes made with white horse hair. From the central sulde there are strings which hold tied light blue pieces of cloth with a few white ones. The wall is covered with all the names of the Mongol kins. The Chinese worship Genghis as the ancestral god of the أسرة يوان.
- ^ The main axis of the Taoist Temple of Fortune and Longevity (福壽觀 Fúshòuguān) has a Temple of the Three Patrons (三皇殿 Sānhuángdiàn) and a Temple of the Three Purities (三清殿 Sānqīngdiàn, the orthodox gods of Taoist theology). Side chapels include a Temple of the God of Wealth (財神殿 Cáishéndiàn), a Temple of the Lady (娘娘殿 Niángniángdiàn), a Temple of the Eight Immortals (八仙殿 Bāxiāndiàn), and a Temple of the (God of) Thriving Culture (文昌殿 Wénchāngdiàn). The Fushou Temple belongs to the Taoist Church and was built in 2005 on the site of a former Buddhist temple, the Iron Tiles Temple, which stood there until it was destituted and destroyed in 1950. Part of the roof tiles of the new temples are from the ruins of the former temple excavated in 2002.
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^ The image is a good synthesis of the basic virtues of Chinese religion and Confucian ethics, that is to say "to move and act according to the harmony of Heaven". The Big Dipper or Great Chariot in Chinese culture (as in other traditional cultures) is a symbol of the axis mundi, the source of the universe (God, Tian) in its way of manifestation, order of creation (li or Tao).
The symbol, also called the Gate of Heaven (天門 Tiānmén), is widely used in esoteric and mystical literature. For example, an excerpt from Shangqing Taoism's texts:
- "Life and death, separation and convergence, all derive from the seven stars. Thus when the Big Dipper impinges on someone, he dies, and when it moves, he lives. That is why the seven stars are Heaven's chancellor, the yamen where the gate is opened to give life."
- ^ Temples of the Jade Deity, a representation of the universal God in popular religion, are usually built on raised artificial platforms.
المصادر
الحواشي
- ^ Brown, Melissa J.; Feldman, Marcus W. (2009). "Sociocultural epistasis and cultural exaptation in footbinding, marriage form, and religious practices in early 20th-century Taiwan". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (52): 22139–22144. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907520106.
- ^ Teiser (1995), p. 378.
- ^ Overmyer (1986), p. 51.
- ^ Fan, Chen 2013. p. 5-6
- ^ Fan, Chen 2013. p. 21
- ^ Fan, Chen 2013. p. 23
- ^ Didier, 2009. Represented in vol. III, discussed throughout vols. I, II, and III.
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 1
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. III, pp. 3-6
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. II, p. 100
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 7
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 256
- ^ Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 261
- ^ Zhou, 2005. passim
- ^ Clart (1997), pp. 12-13 & passim.
- ^ Bai Bin, "Daoism in Graves". In Pierre Marsone, John Lagerwey, eds., Modern Chinese Religion I: Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD), Brill, 2014. ISBN 9004271643. p. 579
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- Wang, Robin R. (2004). . State University of New York Press. ISBN .
- Wu, Hsin-Chao (2014). "Local Traditions, Community Building, and Cultural Adaptation in Reform Era Rural China" (PDF). Harvard University.
- Yang, Fenggang; Hu, Anning (2012). "Mapping Chinese Folk Religion in Mainland China and Taiwan". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 51 (3): 505–521. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01660.x.
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- منطقات
- Fenggang Yang. Stand still and watch. In The state of religion in China. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
- Prasenjit Duara. Chinese religions in comparative historical perspective. In The state of religion in China. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
- Richard Madsen. Secular belief, religious belonging. In The state of religion in China. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
- Nathan Schneider. The future of China’s past: An interview with Mayfair Yang. The Immanent Frame, 2010.
وصلات خارجية
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مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons:خطأ لوا في وحدة:WikidataIB على السطر 496: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|خطأ لوا في وحدة:WikidataIB على السطر 496: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).]]. |
- China Ancestral Temples Network
- Bored in Heaven, a documentary on the reinvention of Chinese religion and Taoism. By Kenneth Dean, 2010, 80 minutes.
