الشعوب الفينو-أوگرية
Finno-Ugric peoples

إجمالي التعداد
~26,505,000
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
المجر	9,982,000
فنلندا	5,000,000
روسيا	2,322,000
الولايات المتحدة	2,288,100
رومانيا	1,227,623
إستونيا	936,000
سلوڤاكيا	520,500
السويد	507,600
كندا	~450,000
صربيا	253,899
أوكرانيا	156,600
النرويج	60,000–100,000
Languages
اللغات الفنو-أوگرية
Religion
المسيحية، الشامانية والإحيائية
Related ethnic groups
الشعوب السامويدية

الشعوب الفـِنـّو-أوگرية Finno-Ugric peoples هي شعوب شمال شرق أوروپا وشمال آسيا والحوض الكرپاثي التي تتحدث اللغات الفينو-أوگرية – أي، الناطقة بلغات العائلة الأورالية بعيداً عن السامويد. الكثير من الشعوب الفينو-أوگرية يحيط بهم ناطقون بلغات تنتمي إلى عائلات لغوية أخرى. مفهوم الفنو-أوگرية كان في الأصل مفهوماً لغوياً وليس عرقياً، ولكن، خلال القرن العشرين، تطوَرَ إحساس بالإخاء العرقي بين الشعوب الناطقة بالفنو-أوگرية، خصوصاً فـِنّ البلطيق.

الشعوب الأربع الأكبر عدداً بين الشعوب الفنو-أوگرية هي المجر (13–14 مليون) والفـِنّ (6–7 مليون) والإستون (1.1 مليون) والموردڤن (744,000). الشعوب الثلاث الأولى بين تلك الشعوب يقطنون دولاً مستقلة – المجر وفنلندا وإستونيا – بينما موردوڤيا هي جمهورية داخل روسيا.

وثمة شعوب الفـِنـّو-أوگرية أخرى لها جمهوريات ذاتية ضمن روسيا: كاريل (جمهورية كارليا)، كومي (جمهورية كومي)، أودمورت (جمهورية أودمورتيا)، ماري (جمهورية ماري إل)، والموردڤن (موكشا وإرزيا; جمهورية موردوڤيا). شعوب خانتي ومانسي يعيشون في اُكروگ خانتي-مانسيسك المستقل ذاتياً في روسيا. مجموعة كومي الفرعية كومي-پرمياك اعتادت العيش في أكروگ كومي-پرمياك الذاتي، ولكن اليوم فإن هذه المنطقة هي إقليم بوضع خاص ضمن كراي پرم.

المنطقة التقليدية لشعب سامي الأصلي هي في فـِنـّو-سكندناڤيا الشمالية وشبه جزيرة كولا في شمال غرب روسيا وتُعهد بإسم ساپمي.

الشعوب

التوزيع الجغرافي

الجماعات العرقية

الجماعات العرقية ذات اللغات المتميزة

• Merya people
• Meshchera people
• Muromian people
• Zavoloshka Chudes
• Volkhov Chudes

الجمعيات الفينو-أوگرية الدولية

In the Finno-Ugric countries of Finland, Estonia and Hungary that find themselves surrounded by speakers of unrelated tongues, language origins and language history have long been relevant to national identity. In 1992, the 1st World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples was organized in Syktyvkar in the Komi Republic in Russia, the 2nd World Congress in 1996 in Budapest in Hungary, the 3rd Congress in 2000 in Helsinki in Finland, the 4th Congress in 2004 in Tallinn in Estonia, the 5th Congress in 2008 in Khanty-Mansyisk in Russia, and the 6th Congress in 2012 in Siófok in Hungary. The members of the Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee include: the Erzyas, Estonians, Finns, Hungarians, Ingrian Finns, Ingrians, Karelians, Khants, Komis, Mansis, Maris, Mokshas, Nenetses, Permian Komis, Saamis, Tver Karelians, Udmurts, Vepsians; Observers: Livonians, Setos.

In 2007, the 1st Festival of the Finno-Ugric Peoples was hosted by President Vladimir Putin of Russia, and visited by Finnish President, Tarja Halonen, and Hungarian Prime Minister, Ferenc Gyurcsány.

أساطير شمال أوراسيا

Shamanism has had a historically important influence on the mythologies of northern and central Eurasian peoples, including those speaking languages of the Uralic, Yeniseian, Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families. Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, though also in Indo-European and North American mythology, are myths about a world tree or axis mundi, capped by the North Star, at the center of the world, which is encircled by a stream, the idea that asterisms were animal spirits, the idea that the land of the dead beneath the earth was also the home of spirits, and the earth-diver: a bird floating on the primary ocean that dives to bring up the land.

جينات السكان

A study of Population Genetics of Finno-Ugric speaking humans in North Eurasia carried out between 2002–2008 in the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Helsinki showed that most of the Finno-Ugric speaking populations possess an amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools, genetic drift, and recurrent founder effects. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations were found to be genetically a heterogeneous group showing lower haplotype diversities compared to more southern populations. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations possess unique genetic features due to complex genetic changes shaped by molecular and population genetics and adaptation to the areas of Boreal and Arctic North Eurasia.

The proposal of a Finno-Ugric language family has led to the postulation not just of an ancient Proto–Finno-Ugric people, but that the modern Finno-Ugric–speaking peoples are genetically related. Such hypotheses are based on the assumption that heredity can be traced though linguistic relatedness. However, Finno-Ugric has not been reconstructed linguistically; attempts to do so have been indistinguishable from Proto-Uralic.

Like in any other human population, individual groups within the Finno-Ugric language family have a diverse array of cultural, environmental, and genetic influences. However, modern genetic studies have shown that the Y-chromosome haplogroup N3, and sometimes N2, having branched from haplogroup N, which, itself, probably spread north, then west and east from Northern China about 12,000–14,000 years ago from father haplogroup NO (haplogroup O being the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Southeast Asia), is almost a specific trait, though certainly not restricted, to Uralic- or Finno-Ugric-speaking populations, especially as high frequency or primary paternal haplogroup.^[]

A recent study has found that haplogroup NO of the Finno-Ugric peoples and their descendants probably spread north, then west and east from Northern China about 12,000–14,000 years ago from its father lineage and today is found in Eastern Europe. The Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Helsinki showed that most of the Finno-Ugric speaking populations possess an amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools, supporting the idea of mixed origins in these modern populations.

R1a1a7-M458

R1a1a7-M458 frequency peaks among Slavic and Finno-Ugric (maximum - Karelians, maximum among R1a - Komi) peoples.

R1a1a1i (Z280+)

This group seems to have a connection with other Finno-Ugric peoples. It is the North-East European subclade of R1a1a1 and spread from the Baltic to the Ural Mountains as well as the Carpathian Basin. The majority of the Steppe Magyars likely belonged to this haplogroup, carrying the Ugric Hungarian language.

الآثار

• Ananyino culture
• ثقافة الخزف الممشط
• Dyakovo culture

معرض الصور

• Hungarians dressed in national costume in Serbia

• Finnish artist, Akseli Gallen-Kallela

• Izhorian oral poet, Larin Paraske

• Karelian women in Sammatus

• From left to right: Sven-Roald Nystø, Aili Keskitalo and Ole Henrik Magga, the second, third and first president of the Norwegian Sámi Parliament

• Khanty women in Man uskve nomad camp, Berezovsky, Khanty-Mansia, Russia

• A Sami family around 1900

• Sami woman

• Erzya women

• Komi people

• Estonian poet Lydia Koidula

انظر أيضاً

• الشعوب السامويدية
• Finno-Ugrian suicide hypothesis
• البقايا الشامانية في الفلكلور المجري

المراجع والملاحظات

للاستزادة

• Mile Nedeljković, Leksikon naroda sveta, Beograd, 2001.
• People of Volga and Uralic regions. Komi-Zyrians. Komi-Permyaks. Mari. Mordvins. Udmurts. Moscow, 2000. (بالروسية: Народы Поволжья и Приуралья. Коми-зыряне. Коми-пермяки. Марийцы. Мордва. Удмурты. М., 2000.)
• Petrukhin, Vladimir. Myths of Finno-Ugric Peoples. Moscow, 2005. 463 p. (بالروسية: Петрухин В. Я. Мифы финно-угров. М., 2005. 463 с.)
• World Outlook of Finno-Ugric People. Moscow, 1990. (بالروسية: Мировоззрение финно-угорских народов. М., 1990.)

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Finno-Ugric peoples.

الوصلات الخارجية في هذه الموضوعة قد لا تتبع سياسات المحتوى أوالإرشادات. من فضلك حسـِّن هذه الموضوعة بإزالة الوصلات الخارجية الزائدة أوغير المناسبة.