قسطنطين الثالث (امبراطور روماني غربي)
| Constantine III | |||||||||
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| امبراطور مشارك على الامبراطورية الرومانية الغربية مع هونوريوس | |||||||||
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عملة قسطنطين الثالث.
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| امبراطور الامبراطورية الرومانية | |||||||||
| العهد | غاصب 407–409 (ضد الامبراطور هونوريوس) امبراطور شريك 409–411 (مع هونوريوس وقسطنس الثاني) |
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| سبقه | گراتيان | ||||||||
| تبعه | هونوريوس | ||||||||
| Died | 411 (قبل 18 سبتمبر) | ||||||||
| Wife |
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| Issue |
Constans II Julianus, Ambrosius Aurelianus (legend) |
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| الديانة | المسيحية النيقية | ||||||||
Flavius Claudius Constantinus, known in English as Constantine III (died shortly before 18 September 411) was a Roman general who declared himself Western Roman Emperor in Britannia in 407 and established himself in Gaul. He was co-emperor from 409 until 411.
Constantine rose to power during a bloody struggle in Roman Britain and was acclaimed emperor by the local legions in 407. He promptly moved to Gaul, taking all of the mobile troops from Britain, to confront the various Germanic invaders who had crossed the Rhine the previous winter. Constantine gained the upper hand after several battles with the forces of the Western Roman Emperor هونوريوس. As a result, Honorius recognised Constantine as co-emperor in 409. The activities of the invading tribes, raids by Saxons on the near-defenseless Britain and desertions by some of his top commanders led to a collapse of support. After further military setbacks he abdicated in 411. He was captured and executed shortly afterwards.
الخلفية
الاستسلام والإعدام
At the same time Honorious found a new general, the future قسطنطيوس الثالث. He arrived at Arles and put Gerontius to flight. Gerontius committed suicide and many of his troops deserted to Constantius, who took over the siege. Constantine held out, hoping for the return of Edobichus, who was raising troops in northern Gaul amongst the Franks. But on his arrival Edobichus was defeated in an ambush. Constantine's hopes faded when his troops guarding the Rhine abandoned him to support Jovinus. He surrendered. Despite the promise of safe passage, and Constantine's assumption of clerical office, Constantius imprisoned the former soldier and had him beheaded on his way to Ravenna in either August or September 411. His head, on a pole, was presented to Emperor Honorius on September 18. It was later displayed outside Carthage.
Athaulf the Visigoth later suppressed the revolt of Jovinus. Roman rule never returned to Britain after the death of Constantine III. As the historian Procopius later explained, "from that time onwards it remained under [the rule] of tyrants."
الأسطورة
Constantine III is also known as Constantine II of Britain. He is remembered as a King of the Britons in the Welsh chronicles and Geoffrey of Monmouth's highly popular and imaginative Historia Regum Britanniae, where he comes to power following Gracianus Municeps' reign. In this version, the Britons ask Aldroneus, the ruler of Armorica, to be their ruler too, seeking a king who can defend them against the barbarians. Aldroenus refuses, believing the country to have diminished, but sends his brother Constantine to rule instead. Constantine becomes King وكان له ثلاثة أبناء، قسطنس، أورليوس وأوثر، but is stabbed to death by a Pict.
Geoffrey seems to have conflated the historical Constantine III with an unrelated Cornish king of the a similar name, Custennin Gorneu. This has led to confusion among modern scholars but, beyond their names, Geoffrey's fictional Constantine does not resemble the historical one.
انظر أيضاً
- نهاية الحكم الروماني في بريطانيا
الهامش
- ^ Jones, pg. 638
- ^ Jones, pg. 316
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةCanduci, pg. 152 -
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةBury, pg. 143 - ^ Bury, pg. 144
- ^ Canduci, pg. 153
- ^ Jones, pg. 316
- ^ Heather, pg. 237
- ^ Canduci, pg. 155
- ^ Birley, pg. 160
- ^ Monmouth, 6:5
- ^ David Nash Ford's Early British Kingdoms: Constantine Corneu
- ^ Peter Bartrum, A Welsh Classical Dictionary, National Library of Wales, 1993, pp. 157–158.
المصادر
المصادر الرئيسية
- Zosimus, Historia Nova, Booksخمسة &ستة Historia Nova
- Orosius, Historiae adversum Paganos, 7.40
- Geoffrey of Monmouth' Historia Regum Britanniae
المصادر الثانوية
- Bartrum, Peter A Welsh Classical Dictionary Cardiff: National Library of Wales, 1993, ISBN 9780907158738
- Birley, Anthony (2005), The Roman Government in Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925237-4
- Bury, J. B., A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. I (1889) London; New York: Macmillan OCLC 22138662
- Canduci, Alexander (2010), Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Millers Point, N.S.W.: Pier 9, ISBN 978-1-74196-598-8
- Ford, David Nash Early British Kingdoms: Constantine Corneu
- Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1888) Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott OCLC 692266633
- Heather, Peter(2005) The Fall of the Roman Empire, Basingstoke and Oxford: Pan Macmillan ISBN 0-333-98914-7
- Higham, Nicholas (1992), Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons, London: B. A. Seaby, ISBN 1-85264-022-7
- Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-20159-4
- Snyder, Christopher A. (1998), An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, ISBN 0-271-01780-5
- Stevens, C.E. "Marcus, Gratian, Constantine", Athenaeum, 35 (1957), pp. 316–47
- Thompson, E.A. "Britain, A.D. 406–410", Britannia,ثمانية (1977), pp. 303–318.
وصلات خارجية
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مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Constantine III (usurper). |
| مناصب سياسية | ||
|---|---|---|
| سبقه Anicius Auchenius Bassus, Flavius Philippus |
Consul of the Roman Empire 409 مع هونوريوس وثيودوسيوس الثاني |
تبعه Varanes, Tertullus |
| ألقاب ملكية | ||
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شاغر Turmoil
اللقب آخر من حمله
Gracianus Municeps
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King of Britain 407–411 |
تبعه قسطنس |
نطقب:Geoffrey of Monmouth
