پاگانية

Romanticized depiction from 1887 showing two Roman women offering a sacrifice to a pagan goddess.

الپاگانية Paganism بالمفهوم الواسع مجموعة عقائد دينية وروحانية إضافة لممارسات وطقوس عبادات طبيعية أومتعددة الآلهة. يضم هذا التعريف مجموعة ديانات والعقائد خارج إطار الديانات الابراهيمية : اليهودية والمسيحية والإسلام . هذه المجموعة قد نحوي ضمنها بعض الديانات الدارمية التي تملك بعض صفات الباغانية مثل تقديس الطبيعة أوتقديس الأيقونات ، تعدد الآلهة والارتباط بالآلهة الإناث ، جميع ذلك بخلاف الديانات الابراهيمية.

فهماء الأنثروبولوجيا والأعراق يتحاشون هذا المصطلح لعدم تحديده، ويفضلون مصطلحات أكثر تحديدا مثل: شامانية shamanism وتعدد الآلهة polytheism أوالإحيائية animism . يستخدم المصطلح أيضا للاشارة إلى ديانات سكان أمريكا الأصليين المرتبطة بالأرض.

المصطلحات وأصل الاسم

Reconstruction of the پارثينون، على أكروپوليس أثينا، اليونان

پاگان

It is crucial to stress right from the start that until the 20th century, people did not call themselves pagans to describe the religion they practised. The notion of paganism, as it is generally understood today, was created by the early Christian Church. It was a label that Christians applied to others, one of the antitheses that were central to the process of Christian self-definition. As such, throughout history it was generally used in a derogatory sense.

—Owen Davies, Paganism: A Very Short Introduction, 2011

Muhammad and Islamization in Arabia

Arabic paganism gradually disappeared during Muhammad's era through Islamization. The sacred months of the Arab pagans were the 1st, 7th, 11th and 12th months of the Islamic calendar. After Muhammad had conquered Mecca he set out to convert the pagans. One of the last military campaigns that Muhammad ordered against the Arab pagans was the Demolition of Dhul Khalasa. It occurred in April and May 632 AD, in 10AH of the Islamic Calendar. Dhul Khalasa is referred to as both an idol and a temple, and it was known by some as the Ka'ba of Yemen, built and worshipped by pagan tribes.

Modern paganism

منطق رئيسي: Modern paganism

Some megaliths are believed to have religious significance.

Children standing with The Lady of Cornwall in a neopagan ceremony in England

Neopagan handfasting ceremony at Avebury (Beltane 2005)

Ethnic religions of pre-Christian Europe

Albanian mythology
Armenian mythology
Baltic mythology
Basque mythology
Celtic polytheism
Etruscan mythology
Finnic mythologies
Georgian mythology
Germanic paganism
Ancient Greek religion
Norse mythology
Religion in ancient Rome
Slavic paganism
Vainakh religion
Mordvin Native Religion
Mari Native Religion

انظر أيضاً

Animism
Crypto-paganism
Dharmic religions
East Asian religions
Jungian psychology
List of Pagans
Neopagan temples in Europe
List of Neopagan movements
List of religions and spiritual traditions
Myth and ritual
Naturalistic pantheism
Nature worship
Totemism

الهامش

^ Davies, Owen (2011). Paganism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191620010.
^ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, pp. 245–46, ISBN 978-9960-899-55-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA245
^ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 2 (Part 2): Al-Baqarah 142 to Al-Baqarah 252 2nd Edition, p. 139, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, ISBN 1861796765. (online)
^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version), p. 129
^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). . Pakistan Historical Society. p. 380. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
^ Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 269, https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA269
^ Mufti, M. Mukarram Ahmed (2007), Encyclopaedia of Islam, Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, p. 103, ISBN 978-81-261-2339-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=oiAtbfbHgVoC&pg=PA103
^ Robertson Smith, William (2010). . Forgotten Books. p. 297. ISBN .
^ S. Salibi, Kamal (2007). . Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 146. ISBN .
^ Muir, William (1878). . Kessinger Publishing. p. 219.
^ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2002). . DarusSalam. p. 296. ISBN .
^ Glasse, Cyril (2003). . US: AltaMira Press. p. 251. ISBN .
^ سليم البخاري، 5:59:641
^ Dermenghem, Émile (1930). . G. Routledge. p. 239. ISBN . Five hundred horsemen went to Dhul Khalasa to demolish the Yemenite Ka'ba
^ Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham (1952). . Princeton University Press. pp. 31–32. ASIN B002G9N1NQ.
^ The Book of Idols, Scribd, Archived from the original on 26 August 2011, https://www.webcitation.org/61EFjL7Ij?url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/34864705/The-Book-of-Idols, retrieved onتسعة September 2017 .

المراجع

Cameron, Alan G. (2011). . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN . OCLC 553365192.
Davies, Owen (2011). Paganism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
Hua, Yih-Fen. book review to: Maria Effinger / Cornelia Logemann / Ulrich Pfisterer (eds): Götterbilder und Götzendiener in der Frühen Neuzeit. Europas Blick auf fremde Religionen. In: sehepunkte 13 (2013), Nr.خمسة [15.05.2013], URL: http://www.sehepunkte.de/2013/05/21410.html. (Book review in English).
Robert, P. & Scott, N. (1995). A History of Pagan Europe. New York, Barnes & Noble Books, ISBN 0-7607-1210-7.
York, Michael (2003). Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion NYU Press, ISBN 0-8147-9708-3.