چنگدوج-10

J-10 Vigorous Dragon ; F-10 Vanguard
	مقاتلة J-10A من سلاح جوجيش التحرير الشعبي تظهر في العرض الجوي في ژوهاي
الدور	مقاتلة متعددة المهام
دولة المنشأ	الصين
الصانع	مجموعة چنگدولصناعة الطائرات
المصمم	معهد چنگدولصناعة الطائرات
أول تحليق	23 مارس 1998
التقديم	2005
الوضع	في الخدمة
المستخدم الرئيسي	سلاح جوجيش التحرير الشعبي
المنتـَج	2002 – الحاضر
العدد المنتج	~400
تكلفة البرنامج	500 مليون رن‌مين بي خـُصِصت في 1982 (المشروع #10)
ثمن الوحدة	190 مليون رن‌مين بي (27.84 مليون دولار; 2010)
تطورت من	چنگدوج-9

چنگدوج-10 (بالصينية المبسطة: 歼-10؛ بالصينية التقليدية: 殲-10؛ بالإنگليزية: Chengdu J-10؛ وتُعهد في الغرب بإسم "Vigorous Dragon", أوبإسمها لدى الناتوFirebird) هي طائرة مقاتلة خفيفة متعددة المهام قادرة على العمل في جميع أحوال الطقس، مصممة بـجناح دلتا وكنار (جنيح متقدم)، مع تحكم طيران سلكي، وتنتجها شركة چنگدولصناعة الطائرات (CAC) الصينية لـسلاح جوجيش التحرير الشعبي (PLAAF). القوات الجوية الپاكستانية هي الزبون الأجنبي الوحيد للمقاتلة J-10.

التطوير

البرنامج أطلقه دنگ شياوپنگ الذي خصص له 0.5 مليار ¥ لتطوير طائرة محلية. العمل في المشروع #10 بدأ بعد بضع سنوات في يناير 1988، رداً على ميكويان ميگ-29 وسوخوي سو-27 اللذين طرحهما الاتحاد السوڤيتي، وإف-15 وإف-16 الموجودتين بالعمل في الخدمة في الولايات المتحدة. وقد أوكل التطوير إلى "المعهد 611"، والمعروف أيضاً بإسم معهد چنگدولتصميم الطائرات وسُمـِّي سونگ ون‌تسونگ كبيراً للمصممين، إذ قد عمل سابقاً ككبير لمصممي ج-7III. وقد صُممت الطائرة في البدء كمقاتلة متخصصة، إلا أنها لاحقاً أصبحت مقاتلة متعددة المهام قادرة على جميع من مهام قتال جو-جووالهجوم الأرضي.

وتشبه ج-10 المقاتلة لاڤي الإسرائيلية وأفيد أنها تطورت من المقاتلة الأمريكية إف-16 بمساعدة من المهندسين الإسرائيليين. وقد نطق المصمم العام سونگ ون‌تسونگ حتى ج-10 كانت تطويراً للمقاتلة المحلية ج-9 التي سبقت المقاتلة الإسرائيلية لاڤي. وقد ردد ذلك الميجور ژانگ وِيْ‌گانگ من PLAAF في لقاء في عام 2012.

وفي 2006، أكـّد معهد الأبحاث الجوية السيبيري الروسي (سيبنيا SibNIA) مشاركته في برنامج ج-10؛ زعم سيبنيا أنه قام فقط بالمراقبة وإسداء التعليمات كـ "مشرف فهمي"، بينما افترض مهندسيه أيضاً حتى ج-10 كانت "إلى حد كبير تنويعة" من تصميم المقاتلة لاڤي، وتضمنت "بوتقة انصهار لتكنولوجيا خارجية وأساليب تصميم مقتناة".

وقد أزاحت الحكومة الصينية الستار رسمياً عن المقاتلة ج-10 في يناير 2007، حين نشرت وكالة أنباء شين‌خوا صوراً لها. وجود الطائرة كان معروفاً لزمن طويب قبل الإعلان، إلا حتى التفاصيل بقيت شحيحة بسبب السرية. وتواترت تكهنات حول تحطم نموذج مبدئي للمقاتلة ج-10 أثناء اختبار طيران. وقد أنكرت وكالة أنباء شين‌خوا وجريدة الشعب اليومية تلك الشائعات، وعدّت ذلك من ضمن إنجازات طياري الاختبار.

النموذج الميدئي "J-10 01" خرج للوجود في نوفمبر 1997 وطار لأول مرة في 23 مارس 1998 in a twenty-minute flight.

AVIC plans to market an upgraded J-10 for export, most likely the J-10B, once development is complete. Several countries have shown interest.

وفي 2015، نشرت China Military Online تحليلاً ينصح بإعتماد الأرجنتين للمقاتلة ج-10، زاعماً أنه بينما المدى العملياتي للنسخ الحالية لم يكن يسمح في الوقت الراهن للطائرة بالوصول إلى جزر الفوكلاند، وخصوصاً رادارها، فإنها متفوقة على التايفون وأن طائرة تزويد جوي بالوقود يمكنها حتى تضع الجزر في متناول الطائرة. وكانت الصين تروج للمقاتلة ج-10 للجمهورية الأرجنتينية. وأثناء زيارة في فبراير 2015 إلى الصين، أرست الرئيسة كيرشنر مجموعة عمل مشهجرة للطائرات المقاتلة.

تاريخ التشغيل

الصين

August 1st aerobatics team

The first aircraft were delivered to the 13th Test Regiment on 23 February 2003. The aircraft was declared 'operational' in December of the same year, after 18 years in development. The first operational regiment was the 131st Regiment of the 44th Division.

پاكستان

In February 2006, then-President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf, toured the J-10 and JF-17 production facilities on a trip to China during which the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) was offered the J-10, and the purchase of 36 FC-20s, a Pakistan-specific J-10B variant, was approved in April 2006. In November 2009, Pakistan signed a deal with China to buy 36 J-10B fighters in a deal worth around $1.4 billion.

In July 2011, Daily Jang reported that China will give a squadron of the advanced J-10B fighter aircraft to Pakistan. According to the report,"the offer was made by senior Chinese military leaders to visiting Pakistan Army's Chief of General Staff، الجنرال وحيد أرشد". In March 2012, talks were held between the two countries to discuss the delivery of latest J-10B fighter jets to Pakistan.

إيران

Since 2007, there have been rumors that Iran is interested in purchasing J-10 from China for orders numbering between 24 to 150 jets. This claim is again mentioned in mid-2015.

التصميم

J-10 was designed and developed by the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute (CADI), a subsidiary of Chengdu Aircraft Corporation.

الهيكل الجوي

The airframe is constructed from metal alloys and composite materials for high strength and low weight, the airframe's aerodynamic layout adopts a "tail-less canard delta" wing configuration. A large delta wing is mid-mounted towards the rear of the fuselage, while a pair of canards (or foreplanes) are mounted higher up and towards the front of the fuselage, behind and below the cockpit. This configuration provides very high agility, especially at low speeds, and also reduces stall speed, allowing for a lower airspeed during instrument approaches. A large vertical tail is present on top of the fuselage and small ventral fins underneath the fuselage provide further stability.^[]

A rectangular air intake ramp and a Splitter plate (only on J-10A) are located underneath the fuselage, providing the air supply to the engine. Also under the fuselage and wings are 11 hardpoints, used for carrying various types of weaponry and drop-tanks containing extra fuel.^[]

The retractable undercarriage comprises a steerable pair of nose-wheels underneath the air intake and two main gear wheels towards the rear of the fuselage.^[]

PLAAF Chengdu J-10AY

The cockpit is covered by a two-piece bubble canopy providing 360 degrees of visual coverage for the pilot. The canopy lifts upwards to permit cockpit entry and exit. The Controls take the form of a conventional centre stick and a throttle stick located to the left of the pilot. These also incorporate "hands on throttle and stick" (HOTAS) controls.^[] A zero-zero ejection seat is provided for the pilot, permitting safe ejection in an emergency even at zero altitude and zero speed.^[]

Due to the J-10's aerodynamically unstable design, a digital quadruplex-redundant fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system (FCS) aids the pilot in flying the aircraft. The FCS typically monitors pilot control inputs, preventing the pilot from accidentally exiting the flight envelope from applying too much control input during high performance flight situations.^[] This is critical in canard wing aircraft, as they are capable of turning in a much tighter radius than conventional aircraft. The massive control surfaces are capable of moving so far that they can completely destroy the aircraft in flight at high airspeeds if not kept in check by the FCS.^[]

التحكم الجوي

The cockpit had three liquid crystal (LCD) Multi-function displays (MFD) along with a Chinese developed holographic head-up display (HUD), all of which are fully compatible with a domestic Chinese advanced helmet mounted sight (HMS), claimed by Chinese to be superior to the HMS on the Sukhoi Su-27 sold to China.

الرادار

According to Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation officials the J-10 uses a multi-mode fire-control radar designed in China. The radar has a mechanically scanned planar array antenna and is capable of trackingعشرة targets. Of theعشرة targets tracked, 2 can be engaged simultaneously with semi-active radar homing missiles or أربعة can be engaged with active radar homing missiles.

For J-10B, the nose cone is modified to accommodate an active phased array airborne radar (AESA) radar. The general designer of AESA for J-10B is Mr. Zhang Kunhui (张昆辉, 1963 -), the head of 607 Research Institute in Neijiang, Sichuan. Mr. Zhang Kunhui became the deputy head of 607th Research Institute in 1997, and four years later in 2001, he became the head of the institute, when the AESA program for J-10B started. The primary contractor of this AESA is the Radar and Electronic Equipment Research Academy of Aviation Industry Corporation of China located in Sichuan, formed in March 2004 by combining the 607th Research Institute and 171st Factory together with Mr. Zhang Kunhui was named as the head of the research academy. According to Chinese governmental media, the AESA for J-10B tookثمانية years to develop, finally completed in 2008, and Chinese fighter radars hence achieved a quantum leap in that it went from mechanically scanned planar slotted array directly into AESA, skipping the passive phased array PESA radar. Many suspected the radar is a PESA, but during its brief debuts in the 7th China International Defense Electronics Exhibition (CIDEX) in May 2010 and the 6th International Conference on Radar held in Beijing in Sept 2011, Chinese official sources have claimed it is an AESA.

الدفع

A J-10 powered by an AL-31FN turbofan engine

The J-10A is powered by a single Russian Lyulka-Saturn AL-31FN turbofan engine giving a maximum static thrust of 12,500 kgf. The AL-31FN is based on the AL-31F which was designed for a twin engine aircraft such as the Su-27, to fit the smaller J-10 the engine parts have been moved and re-designed to fit the smaller engine bay in the J-10.

The J-10 was intended to be powered by the Chinese WS-10 Taihang turbofan, but development difficulties forced the J-10A to use a Russian engine instead. Future J-10 will likely be equipped with an improved WS-10 type engine designed specifically for it, as the Chinese aeroengine industry matures and political/military pressure to indigenize increases.

In April 2014, China have entered into a contract with NPO Saturn to purchase the upgraded AL-31FN Series ثلاثة that provides 13,700 kgf thrust and a 2,250-hour service life for future deliveries. Prior, the AL-31FN Series ثلاثة had accumulated 750 hours of test operation on the J-10 aircraft in a test programme.

التسليح والحمولات الخارجية

The aircraft's internal armament consists of a Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 twin-barrel cannon, located underneath the port side of the intake. Other weaponry and equipment is mounted externally on 11 hardpoints, to which 6,000 kg (13,228 lb) of either missiles and bombs, drop-tanks containing fuel, or other equipment such as avionics pods can be attached.

Air-to-air missiles deployed may include short-range air-to-air missiles such as the PL-8 and PL-9, medium-range radar-guided air-to-air missiles such as the PL-11 and PL-12, unguided and precision guided munitions such as laser-guided bombs, anti-ship missiles such as the YJ-9K and anti-radiation missiles such as the PJ-9.^[]

التنويعات

J-10AY of the August 1st aerobatics team

J-10B, featuring a diverterless supersonic inlet.

J-10A: Single seat multi-role variant. The export designation is F-10A.
J-10B: An upgraded J-10, initially identified as "Super-10". It features a lighter and stealthier diverterless supersonic inlet, a longer nose radome possibly housing an active electronically scanned array radar, an electro-optic targeting sensor (IRST, and laser rangefinder,) and a new electronic warning or countermeasures pod atop the vertical stabiliser. The aircraft is powered by the AL-31FN M1; one unit was flown with a WS-10A in July 2011 but that engine was not selected for the initial production batch. The aircraft's first flight occurred no later than December 2008.

المشغلون

الصين

People's Liberation Army Air Force: 240+ اعتبارا من February 2014^[تحديث]
People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force: 24+ اعتبارا من February 2014^[تحديث]

حوادث

On 15 November 2014, a J-10B crashed in Pi County (Pi Xian) near Chengdu city in Sichuan province with the pilot ejecting safely. Coming down in an artificial lake near a newly built residential compound, the accident injured at least seven on the ground. The aircraft was painted yellow, indicating it was either a new aircraft or a prototype.

On 17 December 2015, a PLANAF J-10 crashed in Zhejiang Province, the crew of two ejected.

المواصفات (J-10A)

J-10SY of the August 1st aerobatics team

السمات العامة

الطاقم: 1
الطول: 15.49 m (50.82 ft)
بحر الجناحين: 9.75 m (31.99 ft)
الارتفاع: 5.43 m (17.81 ft)
الباع مساحة: 39 m² (356.3 ft²)
الوزن الفارغ: 9,750 kg (21,495 lb)
الوزن القائم: 12,400 kg (28,600 lb)
الحمولة المفيدة: 6,000 kg (13,200lb)
أقصى وزن اقلاع: 19,277 kg (42,500 lb)
المحرك: 1 × Saturn-Lyulka AL-31FN or WS-10A turbofan
- الدفع الجاف: 79.43 kN / 89.17 kN (17,860 lbf / 19,000 lbf)
- الدفع بحارق لاحق: 125 kN / 130 kN (27,999 lbf / 29,000 lbf)

الأداء

أقصى سرعة: Mach 2.2 at altitude, Mach 1.2 at sea level
نصف قطر القتال: 550 km (342 mi)
نطاق السفر: 1,850 km (1,150 mi)
سقف الخدمة: 18,000 m (59,055 ft)
تحميل الجناح: 381 kg/m² (78 lb/ft²)
الدفع/الوزن الأدنى: 1.15 (with AL-31FN3); 1.16 (with WS-10B)
Maximum g-load: +9/–3 g

التسليح

المدافع: 1× Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23
النقاط الصلبة: 11 in total (6× under-wing, 5× under-fuselage) بقدرة 7,000 kg (15,400 lb) external fuel and ordnance
الصواريخ: 90 mm unguided rocket pods
المقذوفات:
- Air-to-air missiles:
  PL-8
  PL-9
  PL-11
  PL-12
- Air-to-surface missiles:
  PJ-9
  YJ-9K
القنابل:
Laser-guided bombs: (LT-2)
Glide bombs: (LS-6, GB3, GB2A, GB3A)
Satellite-guided bombs: (FT-1)
Unguided bombs: 250 kg, 500 kg
Others:
- Up to ثلاثة external fuel drop-tanks (1× under-fuselage, 2× under-wing) for extended range and loitering time

إلكترونيات الطيران

Type 1473H pulse-doppler fire control radar
Externally mounted avionics pods:
- Type Hongguang-I infra-red search and track pod
- BM/KG300G self-protection jamming pod
- KZ900 electronic reconnaissance pod
- Blue Sky navigation/attack pod
- FILAT (Forward-looking Infra-red Laser Attack Targeting) pod

انظر أيضاً

تطورات ذات صلة

Chengdu J-9

طائرات شبيهة

General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
JF-17 Thunder
Dassault Rafale
Eurofighter Typhoon
Saab Gripen

قوائم ذات صلة

List of fighter aircraft
List of Chinese aircraft

الهامش

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ببليوگرافيا

International Institute for Strategic Studies (2014). Hacket, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2014. Oxfordshire: Routledge. ISBN .

وصلات خارجية

AirForce-Technology.com J-10 factsheet
AirForceWorld.com J-10 article
J-10B fighter jet article
GlobalSecurity.org article on the J-10
SinoDefence.com J-10 factsheet and pictures
Chinese Military Aviation at Stormpages.com
Milavia.com J-10 article and pictures (includes J-10 specifications from Air Forces Monthly magazine)
SinoDefence.com article on J-10B
Jane's Defence article on J-10B