سوي آب

سوي آب
	الصغد يجلبون الهدايا لبوذا، الجصية الثامنة
	Shown within قيرغيزستان
الاسم البديل	أُردوكنت
المكان	منطقة تشوي، قيرغيزستان
الإحداثيات	Coordinates:
النوع	مستوطنة
التاريخ
تأسس	القرنان الخامس والسادس
هـُـجـِر	القرن الحادي عشر
ملاحظات حول المسقط
الحالة	أطلال

Suyab (فارسية: سوی آب; الصينية المبسطة: 碎叶; الصينية التقليدية: 碎葉; پن‌ين: Suìyè; ويد-جايلز: Sui⁴-yeh⁴الصينية الوسيطة: /suʌiH jiᴇp̚/)، وتُعهد أيضاً بإسم أُردوكنت (الاسم الحديث آق-بشيم)، كانت إحدى مدى طريق الحرير وتقع على بعد نحو50 كم شرق بيشكك، وثمانية كم غرب بجنوب غرب من توقماق، في وادي نهر تشوي، التي تقع اليوم في قيرغيزستان.

التاريخ

نشأت مستوطنة للتجار الصغد على طريق الحرير في القرن الخامس أوالسادس. اسم المدينة مشتق من اسم سوي آب (نهر), وأصلها الإيراني (بالفارسية: سوي يعني "باتجاه"+ آب تعني "ماء"، "أنهار"). وأول ذِكر لها كان من الحاج الصيني شوان‌زانگ الذي سافر في المنطقة في 629:

بالسفر 500 لي إلى الشمال الغربي من بحيرة چينگ العظمى، وصلنا مدينة نهر سويى. يبلغ محيط المدينةستة أوسبعة لي؛ various Hu ("barbarian") merchants here came from surrounding nations congregate and dwell. The soil is favourable for red millet and for grapes; the woods are not thick, the climate is windy and cold; the people wear garments of twilled wool. Traveling from Suye westward, there are a great number of isolated towns; in each there is a chieftain; these are not dependent on one another, but all are in submission to the Tujue.

خاقانية تورگش، سوي آب.

During the reign of Tong Yabgu Qaghan, Suyab was the principal capital of the Western Turkic Khaganate. The khagan also had a summer capital in Navekat near the springs north of Tashkent in the Talas Valley, the capitals are being noted as the westernmost capital of Western Turkic Khaganate. There was a sort of symbiosis, with the Sogdians responsible for economical prosperity and the گوق‌تورك in charge of the city's military security.

إثر سقوط الخاقانية، Suyab was absorbed into the Tang Empire, of which it was a western military outpost between 648 and 719. A Chinese fortress was built there in 679, and Buddhism flourished. According to some accounts، الشاعر العظيم لي باي (لي پو) وُلِد في سوي آب. The Chinese traveller Du Huan, who visited Suyab after 751, found among the ruins a still-functioning Buddhist monastery, where Princess Jiaohe, daughter of Ashina Huaidao, used to dwell.

كانت سوي آب واحدة من أربع حاميات لـ محمية آن‌شي حتى 719، حين تم تسليمها إلى سولوخاقان التورگش، الذي عيّنه البلاط الصيني بلقب "الخاقان الموالي والمطيع". After Sulu's murder in 738, the town was promptly retaken by Chinese forces, along with Talas. الحصن كانت له أهمية استراتيجية أثناء الحروب بين الصين والتبت. وفي 766، سقطت الميدنة في أيدي حاكم القارلوق، متحالف مع خاقانية الأويغور الوليدة.

Of the subsequent history of Suyab there is little record, especially after the Chinese evacuated the Four Garrisons in 787. David Nicolle states that Suyab provided 80,000 warriors for the Qarluq army and that it was governed by a man known as "King of Heroes".Hudud al-Alam, completed in 983, lists Suyab as a city of 20,000 inhabitants. It is believed to have been supplanted by Balasagun in the early 11th century and was abandoned soon thereafter.

المسقط الأثري

In the 19th century the ruins at Ak-Beshim were erroneously identified with Balasagun, the capital of the Kara-Khitans. Wilhelm Barthold, who visited the site in 1893-94, also lent his support to this identification. Although excavations started in 1938, it was not until the 1950s that it was determined that the site had been abandoned as early as the 11th century and therefore would not be identical with Balasagun, which had flourished until the 14th century.

The archaeological site of Suyab covers some 30 hectares. As a testimony to Suyab's diverse and vibrant culture, the site encompasses remains of Chinese fortifications, Christian churches, Zoroastrian ossuaries, and Turkic balbals. The site is particularly rich in finds of Buddha statues and stelae. Apart from several Buddhist temples, there were a Nestorian church and cemetery from the 7th century, and probably also a 10th-century monastery with frescoes and inscriptions in Sogdian and Uyghur scripts.

انظر أيضاً

Navekat

المراجع

الهامش

^ Xue (1998), p. 136-140, 212-215.
^ Transboundary Chu-Talas
^ Ji (1985), p. 25.
^ Ye. I. Lubo-Lesnichenko. Svedeniya kitaiskikh pismennykh istochnikov o Suyabe (Gorodishche Ak-Beshim). [Information of Chinese Written Sources about Suyab (Ak-Beshim)]. // Suyab Ak-Beshim. St. Petersburg, 2002. Pages 115-127.
^ Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 3rd ed. Article "Turkic Khaganate".
^ Xue (1992), p. 284-285
^ Zhongguo fu li hui, Chung-kuo fu li hui. China Reconstructs. China Welfare Institute, 1989. Page 58.
^ Forte A. An Ancient Chinese Monastery Excavated in Kirgizia // Central Asiatic Journal, 1994. Volume 38. № 1. Pages 41-57.
^ Cui (2005), p. 244-246
^ Zongzheng, Xue (1992), p. 596-597, 669
^ Zongzheng, Xue (1992), p. 686
^ Nicolle (1990), p. 32.
^ Бартольд В.В. Отчет о поездке в Среднюю Азию с археологической целью ("report on an archaeological campaign in Central Asia"), collected writings, vol. 4
^ Г.Л. Семенов. Ак-Бешим и города Семиречья. // Проблемы политогенза кыргызской государственности. ("Ak-Beshi and the cities of Semirechya - problems of politogenesis in the Kyrgyz statehood") – Бишкек: АРХИ, 2003. – с. 218-222.
^ Горячева В.Д., Перегудова С.Я. Буддийские памятники Киргизии ("Buddhist monuments of Kyrgyzstan"), pp. 187-188.
^ Kyzlasov L.R. Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya na gorodishche Ak-Beshim v 1953-54 gg. [Archaeological Exploration of Ak-Beshim in 1953-54.]. // Proceedings of the Kama Archaeological Expedition. Vol. 2. Moscow, 1959. Pages 231-233.
Semyonov G.I. Monastyrskoe vino Semirechya [The Wine of Semirechye Monasteries]. // Hermitage Readings in Memory of Boris Piotrovsky. St. Petersburg, 1999. Pages 70-74.

المصادر

Cui, Mingde (2005). The History of Chinese Heqin. Beijing: People's Press. ISBN 7-01-004828-2.
Nicolle, David (1990). Attila and the Nomad Hordes. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-996-6.
Ji, Xianlin(1985). Journey to the West in the Great Tang Dynasty. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Press.
Xue, Zongzheng (1998). Anxi and Beiting Protectorates: A Research on Frontier Policy in Tang Dynasty's Western Boundary. Harbin: Heilongjiang Education Press. ISBN 7-5316-2857-0.
Xue, Zongzheng (1992). A History of Turks. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8.