إرنست هيكل

إرنست هاينريخ هيكل
Ernst Haeckel
إرنست هاينريخ هيكل; Ernst Haeckel
وُلـِد	فبراير 16, 1834
توفي	أغسطس 9, 1919 (عن عمر 85 عاماً)
القومية	ألماني
	السيرة الفهمية
الهيئات	جامعة ينا

Ernst Haeckel.

إرنست هاينريخ هيكل Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (و.1834 – 1919م). عالم ألماني متخصص في فهم الحيوان. أصبح شهيرًا بسبب نظريته التلخيص (مراحل التطور لكائن من أسلاف سابقة). تزعم النظرية حتى جميع حيوان يعيد، خلال نموه جنينًا، جميع مراحل التغير التي مر بها أسلافه. انظر:الجنين. عملى سبيل المثال إذا مرت أسلاف حيوان بري بطور عاشت فيه في الماء، وكانت لها زعانف، فإن جميع جنين من هذا النوع من الحيوان يمر بفترة تتطور له فيها زعانف تمامًا كأسلافه، رغم أنه يفقد هذه الزعانف في فترة أخرى في تطوره الجنيني. وقد تفهم هيكل أجنة الكثير من الحيوانات، وقام بوضع رسوم لها ما تزال تستعمل في خط التشريح. واستخدم نتائج بحثه ليدعم نظرية تشارلز داروين في التطور (النشوء والارتقاء). انظر: داروين، تشارلز روبرت. ويشرح كتاب هيكل الواسع الانتشار لغز العالم (1899م) الكثير من نظرياته. كان هيكل أول من وضع بيانًا تصويريًا يوضح العلاقات المفترضة بين مجموعات الحيوانات المتنوعة. وقد تفهم في أوائل أعماله الحيوانات ذات الخلية الواحدة.

حياته

Sea anemones from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature) of 1904.

Ernst Haeckel: Christmas of 1860 (age 26)

مواقفه السياسية

انتمى هيكل إلى تيار الرومانسية,

”

There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared "European War"...will become the first world war in the full sense of the word.

“

Indianapolis Star, September 20, 1914

The "European War" became known as "The Great War", and it was not until 1931, with the beginning realization that another global war might be possible, that there is any other recorded use of the term "First World War".

أبحاثه

Haeckel (left) with Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai, his assistant, in the Canaries, 1866.

ولد هيكل في مدينة بوتسدام. وكان يحب فهم النبات ولكنه تفهم الطب لأن والده أصر على ذلك. وتفهم في جامعتي ورزبرج وبرلين. وشغل منصب أستاذ فهم الحيوان في جامعة ينا من عام 1862م، وحتى عام 1909م.

فهم الأجنة ونظرية recapitulation

Dramatic, but forged, illustrations of dog and human embryos, looking almost identical at أربعة weeks then differing atستة weeks, shown above aستة week turtle embryo andثمانية day hen embryo, presented by Haeckel in 1868 as convincing proof of evolution. These pictures have now been accepted as thoroughly fraudulent

رسومات فهم الأجنة

In 1868 Haeckel illustrated von Baer's observation that early embryos of different species could not be told apart by using the same woodcut three times as dog, chick and turtle embryos: he changed this in the next edition.

1874 illustration from Anthropogenie showing "very early", "somewhat later" and "still later" stages of embryos of ﬁsh (F), salamander (A), turtle (T), chick (H), pig (S), cow (R), rabbit (K), and human (M).

جوائز

He was awarded the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908.

منشورات

Kunstformen — plate 72: Muscinae

Kunstformen — plate 96: Chaetopoda

انظر أيضاً

Alternative taxonomical classification
Dysteleology
Embryology
Francis Galton
List of wildlife artists
(2004 film), an animated documentary by David Lebrun, largely focussing on Ernst Haeckel
, a horror film by John McNaughton, featuring a fictionalized version of Ernst Haeckel

الهوامش

^ Fred R. Shapiro, ed. (2006). . Yale University Press. p. 329. ISBN . Retrieved 2008-10-08.
^ Richardson MK, Hanken J, Gooneratne ML; et al. (1997). "There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the vertebrates: implications for current theories of evolution and development". Anat Embryol (Berl). 196 (2): 91–106. PMID 15909207. Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

المصادر

Charles Darwin (1859). On the Origin of Species (by Means of Natural Selection). London: John Murray.
Charles Darwin (2003 edition). The Origin of Species (with introduction by Julian Huxley). Signet Classics. ISBN . Check date values in: |year= (help)
Desmond, Adrian J. (1989). The politics of evolution: morphology, medicine, and reform in radical London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN .
Ernst Haeckel, Freedom in Science and Teaching (1879), reprint edition, University Press of the Pacific, February 2004, paperback, 156 pages, ISBN 1-4102-1175-4.
Ernst Haeckel, The History of Creation (1868), translated by E. Ray Lankester, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., لندن, 1883, 3rd edition, Volume 1.
Ernst Haeckel, Kunstformen der Natur ("Artforms of Nature"), 1904, (from series published 1899-1904): over 100 detailed, multi-color illustrations of animals and sea creatures.
Ernst Haeckel, The Riddle of the Universe (Die Weltraetsel, 1895-1899), Publisher: Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, 1992, reprint edition, paperback, 405 pages, illustrated, ISBN 0-87975-746-9.
Richard Milner, The Encyclopedia of Evolution: Humanity's Search for Its Origins, Henry Holt, 1993.
Robert J. Richards, The Tragic Sense of Life: Ernst Haeckel and the Struggle over Evolutionary Thought, University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Michael K. Richardson, "Haeckel's embryos continued" (article), Science Volume 281:1289, 1998.
Richardson, M. K. & Keuck, G. (2001) "A question of intent: when is a 'schematic' illustration a fraud?," Nature 410:144 (vol. 410, no. 6825, page 144), March 8, 2001.
Richardson, M. K. & Keuck, G. (2002) Haeckel's ABC of evolution and development Biological Reviews (2002), 77: 495-528
M. Ruse, The Darwinian Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
Newman, H.H., 1932, 3rd edition, Evolution, Genetics, and Eugenics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 30
G.G. Simpson and W. Beck, An Introduction to Biology (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1965), p. 241
New Scientist, 9/6/97, p. 23
W. Bock, Book Review Science, May 1969, pp. 684-685

للاستزادة

Di Gregorio, Mario A. From here to eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005, ISBN 3525569726
Haeckel, Ernst. (1900). The Riddle of the Universe at the Close of the Nineteenth Century. Harper (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 9781108000895)
Haeckel, Ernst, Art Forms from the Ocean: The Radiolarian Atlas of 1862, Prestel Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-7913-3327-5.
أعمال من Ernst Haeckel في مشروع گوتنبرگ.
Richardson, Michael K., "Haeckel, embryos, and evolution," Science Vol. 280, no. 5366 (May 15, 1998) p. 983, 985-986.

وصلات خارجية

Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory Library — An exhibition of material on Haeckel, including background on many Kunstformen der Natur plates
University of California, Berkeley — Ernst Haeckel biography
Ernst Haeckel – Evolution's controversial artist. A slide-show essay about Ernst Haeckel.
Kunstformen der Natur, Wikimedia Commons: over 100 detailed animal drawings.
, scanned (from biolib.de Stuebers Online Library)
PNG alpha-transparencies of Haeckel's "Kustformen der natur"
Proteus — An animated documentary film on the life and work of Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel Haus and Ernst Haeckel Museum in Jena

[Shapiro329-1] Fred R. Shapiro, ed. (2006). . Yale University Press. p. 329. ISBN . Retrieved 2008-10-08.

[2] Richardson MK, Hanken J, Gooneratne ML; et al. (1997). "There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the vertebrates: implications for current theories of evolution and development". Anat Embryol (Berl). 196 (2): 91–106. PMID 15909207. Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Persondata
Name	Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August
Alternative names	von Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August; Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August von
Short description	German biologist and philosopher
Date of birth	(1834-02-16)فبراير 16, 1834
Place of birth	Potsdam, Prussia
Date of death	أغسطس 9, 1919(1919-08-09)
Place of death