جون ناش John Nash (عاش 18 يناير 1752 – 13 مايو1835) كان معمارياً بريطانياً مسئولاً عن معظم الشكل العام للندن الوصاية تحت رعاية جورج الرابع حين كان الأمير الوصي على العرش ثم حين أصبح ملكاً. كما كان رائداً في استخدام Picturesque في تصميم المباني وشكلها العام. أكثر تصميماته شهرة كانت الجناح الملكي، برايتون، وقصر بكنگهام (بالرغم من حتى القابلة المطلة على المال ليست من تصميمه).

سيرته

أضاف جون ناش Nash إلى العمارة البريطانية المتجهّمة لمسةً من مرح الروكوكو(لمسة من الزخارف ذات الطابع المرح) وأتى ول Well وأعقبه همفري رپتون Repton ليقوم بدور بستاني فصمم القصور والمباني الواقعة في المزارع الريفية واضعاً في اعتباره توزيع الأكواخ والعرائش والزرائب على الطراز الفرنسي والهندي والصيني. وقد أمتعت هذه التصميمات النبلاء الذين كانوا قد برموا بحياتهم، وأفراد الطبقة العليا . وأصبح ناش Nash ثريا ورعاه الأمير السَّخيُّ . وفي سنة 1811 عهد إليه إعادة تشييد ميل من شارع الوصي على العرش (ريجنت ستريت Regent st. بدءا من دار كارلتون ثم في قوس كبير (شامل) إلى المناطق الريفية. ونوع ناش في خطوط مشروعه مستخدما الأهلة والشرفات جاعلاً مساحات مكشوفة من الحشأئش والأشجاربين مجموعات المباني واستخدم الأعمدة ذوات الطرز الأيونية لاضفاء البهجة على قوس الطريق (في وقت لاحق تم تدمير معظم هذا العمل للسماح بمزيد من المباني على حساب الحشائش والأشجار) ، لقد كان مشروعا عبقريا في تخطيط المدن لكن تكاليفه صدمت الشعب الذي كان صابراً على الجوع أملاً في إلحاق الهزيمة بنابليون.

ومع هذا فإن الوصي على العرش كان مبتهجاً بعمل ناش فعهد إليه بتجديد الجناح الملكي في برايتون Brighton الذي كان مكاناً أثيرا للأمير وأصدقائه، فأنجز ناش العمل فيما بين عامي 1815 و1823 بتكلفة بلغت 000،061 جنيه إسترليني لقد أعاد بناء الجناح على الطراز الهندي الإسلامي بمآذن ذات اليمين وأخرى ذات الشمال. ومبان أخرى ذوات قباب وكانت صالة المآدب ذات سقف محدّب وزخارف صينية، وبها ثريات على هيئة اللوتس والتنين، وتكلفَّت هذه الصالة 092،4 جنيها إسترلينيا(4). وكان الانطباع الأول الذي يأخذه المرء عند رؤيتها هوالفخافة الغريبة، وكان الحكم النهائي عليها أنها عمل مسرف سواء في النفقات أم في الزينات والزخارف .

وفي سنة 1820 أصبح الوصي على العرش ملكا. إنه جورج الرابع. وسرعان ما عهد هذا الملك الجديد إلى ناش إعادة بناء دار بكنجهام لتكون قصرا ملكيا. ووسط هذا الفقر والاقتراب من الإفلاس الذي أعقب الفوز على نابليون، راح ناش يعمل حتى توفي الملك المبذّر (1830) فاستدعت الحكومة ناش ذلك المعماري الوافر الإنتاج ليوضح لها ما صرفه ويفسّر بعض الأخطاء التي نسبت إليه. قلما كانت إنجلترا في مثل هذا السناء العظيم أوالبؤس الشديد.

التقاعد والوفاة

أعماله في لندن

• All Souls Langham Place

• The interior looking east, All Souls Langham Place

• The interior looking west, All Souls Langham Place

• The interior looking north, All Souls Langham Place

• The Rotunda Woolwich

• Cumberland Terrace

• Cumberland Terrace

• Carlton House Terrace

• Theatre Royal Haymarket

• Buckingham Palace Garden Front

• The Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace

• Park Crescent

• East side, Park Square

• West side, Park Square

• Marble Arch

• Chester Terrace

• Detail, Chester Terrace

• Clarence House

• Former United Services Club

• Nash's plan for Regent Street

• Conservatory, Kew Gardens

• King's Opera House, demolished

• Royal Opera Arcade

• Hanover Terrace

• Gloucester Gate

• Regent's Park, still largely as planned by Nash

• St. James's Park, Nash's lake

• Park Crescent, London (1806, 1819–21)
• Southborough House, Ashcombe Avenue, Southborough, Surbiton (1808)
• 18 Ashcombe Avenue, Southborough, Surbiton (1808)
• Regent Street (1809–1826) rebuilt
• Regent's Park (1809–32)
• Regent's Canal (1811–1820)
• Royal Lodge (1811–20) subsequently remodelled by Sir Jeffry Wyattville
• Carlton House, London remodelled several interiors, (1812–14) demolished 1825 to make way for Nash's Carlton House Terraces
• Trafalgar Square (1813–30) completely redesigned by Sir Charles Barry
• The Rotunda, Woolwich (1814) & (1820)
• St. James's Park (1814–27)
• The King's Opera House, Haymarket on the site of Her Majesty's Theatre The Royal Opera Arcade is the only part still standing (1816–18)
• Waterloo Place (1816) rebuilt
• The County Fire Office (1819) rebuilt
• Piccadilly Circus (1820) rebuilt
• Suffolk Place, Haymarket (1820)
• Haymarket Theatre (1820–21)
• 14-16 Regent Street (Nash's own house) (1820–21)
• York Gate (1821)
• the Church of All Souls, Langham Place (1822–25)
• Hanover Terrace (1822)
• York Terrace (1822)
• Royal Mews (1822–24)
• Sussex Place (1822–23)
• Albany Terrace, London (1823)
• Park Square, London (1823–24)
• Park Village East & West (1823–34)
• Cambridge Terrace (1824)
• landscaped King's Road (1824)
• Ulster Terrace (1824)
• Buckingham Palace the state rooms and western front (1825–30), since much extended by James Pennethorne, Edward Blore & Aston Webb
• Chester Terrace (1825)
• Clarence House (1825–27)
• Cumberland Terrace (1826)
• Former United Services Club Pall Mall now Institute of Directors(1826–28)
• Gloucester Terrace (1827)
• Carlton House Terrace (1827–1833)
• Marble Arch (1828)
• 430-449 Strand (1830)

The changes made by John Nash to the streetscape of London are documented in the film, "John Nash and London", featuring Edmund N. Bacon and based on sections of his book Design of Cities.

أعمال في ويلز

• St. Non's Church Llanerchaeron

• Hafod Uchtryd

• Foley House

• Clytha Park Main gates

• The stable block at Plas Llanstephan (1788)
• Golden Grove house, Llanfihangel Aberbythych (1788)
• Priory House, Camarthen (1788–89)
• Carmarthen Gaol, (1789–92)
• St David's Cathedral, new west front (1789–1791) completely remodelled by Sir George Gilbert Scott (1862).
• Glanusk Villa, Cadoxton-juxta-Neath (1790)
• Llanfechan house, Llanwenog, Cardiganshire c.(1790) attributed on stylistic grounds
• Meidrim Poor House (1791)
• Newport Bridge (1791–92) abandoned before completion
• Cardigan Gaol, (1791–97)
• Ffynone House, Boncath (1792–96)
• Sion House, Tenby (1792)
• South Sion Lodge, Tenby (1792)
• Emlyn Cottage, Newcastle Emlyn (1792–94) demolished 1881
• Dolaucothi house, Cynwyl Gaeo (1792–96) demolished (c. 1954)
• Tregaron Bridge (1793)
• Abergavenny Market Place (1794-46)
• Foley House, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire (1794)
• Hafod Uchtryd, remodelling including octagonal library (1794) demolished 1958.
• Herman Hill House, Haverfordwest (c.1794)
• Llanerchaeron, Ciliau Aeron, Ceredigion (c.1794)
• Llysnewydd, Henllan, Ceredigion (1795)
• Whitson Court, near Newport (1795)
• Glanwysc Villa, Llangattock (Crickhowell) (c.1795)
• Llysnwydd house, Llangeler (c.1795) attributed on stylistic grounds demolished 1971.
• Temple Druid House, Maenclochog (1795)
• Castle House, later replaced by Old College Aberystwyth University, (1795)
• The Priory Cardigan, Ceredigion (1795)
• Clytha Park gates, (1797)
• Llanerchaeron, St Non's Church (1798) attributed on stylistic grounds
• Harpton Court, Old Radnor, remodelled (1805) demolished 1956 apart from the service range
• Hawarden Castle (18th century), enlargement (1807)
• Nanteos Mansion, planned replanning and new dairy and lodges (1814) not executed
• Rheola House, Resolven (1814–18) probably not built
• Picton Memorial, Carmarthen (1827-8) demolished 1846

أعمال في إنگلترة خارج لندن

• Blaise Hamlet

• Blaise Hamlet

• Circular Cottage, Blaise Hamlet

• Entrance to Attingham Park

• Cronkhill

• Caerhays Castle

• The Royal Pavilion Brighton

• The entrance, The Royal Pavilion Brighton

• Banqueting Room, The Royal Pavilion Brighton

• The kitchen, The Royal Pavilion Brighton

• Grovelands Park

• Witley Court

• Blaise Castle, additions, including the conservatory and various buildings in the grounds, dairy, gatehouses e.t.c. (1795-c.1806)
• Kentchurch Court, Pontrilas (c.1795)
• Hereford Gaol (1796)
• Corsham Court, remodelling work, only his east front survives, (1796–1813)
• Grovelands Park, Enfield, Middlesex (1797)
• Atcham, several houses in the village (1797)
• Attingham Park, new picture gallery and entrance lodges (c1797-1808)
• East Cowes Castle on the Isle of Wight (1798–1802) – his home until his death in 1835, demolished 1960.
• Sundridge Park, Sundridge, London, (1799)
• Chalfont House, Chalfont St Peter, remodelled (1799–1800)
• Helmingham Hall, modernisation work (1800–1803)
• Luscombe Castle (1800–1804)
• Cronkhill, near Shrewsbury, Shropshire. First Italianate villa in Britain. (1802)
• Longner Hall, Atcham, remodelling and extension (1803)
• Nunwell House, Nunwell Isle of Wight (1805–07)
• Sandridge Park (1805)
• Witley Court (1805–06)
• Market House Chichester (1807)
• Ravensworth Castle (1808)
• Caerhays Castle, Cornwall (1808)
• Ingestre Hall (1808–1813) rebuilt later in the 19th century
• Blaise Hamlet, Bristol (1810–11)
• Guildhall Newport, Isle of Wight (1814)
• rebuilding of the Royal Pavilion at Brighton (1815–1822)

أعمال في أيرلندة

• Swiss cottage, Cahir

• Shanbally Castle

• House for Countess Shannon, County Cork. 1796. Unbuilt.
• Ballindoon House (c.1800) Kingsborough, Derry, County Sligo for Stafford-King-Harmon family. House and stable block.
• Killymoon Castle, near Cookstown, County Tyrone, (1801-7)* . Castle originally built in 1671. Rebuilt in Norman style by Nash for Col. William Stewart at an alleged cost of £80,000. Now well maintained as home of the Coulter family. The parkland is now used as a golf course.
• Lissan Rectory, County Londonderry. 1807. Italianate Villa.
• Kilwaughter Castle, Larne, County Antrim. (1807). New castillated mansion built for E.J. Agnew incorporating an earlier house. Demolished 1951.
• Caledon House, County Tyrone, (1808–10) for Earl of Caledon. Enlargement and embellishment of an earlier house ( 1779) by Thomas Cooley with two single storey domed wings connected by a colonnade of coupled Ionic columns. Nash redecorated the oval drawing room.
• Aras an Uachtarain, Phoenix Park, Dublin. (Former Vice-Regal Lodge, now President's residence) 1808. Entrance lodges only.
• St John's Church Caledon, Count Tyrone (1808). Alterations including timber spire. Spire replaced in stone to same design 1830.
• St. Paul's Church of Ireland church in Cahir, South Tipperary.1816-1818. Cruciform plan. Allegedly Nash's best Gothic revival church.
• Rockingham House, Boyle, County Roscommon (1810). Originally two storey with curved central bow, fronted by a semi-circular Ionic colonnade, and surmounted by a dome. Built for the King Harmon family. Extra floor added by others. Burnt in fire 1957. Subsequently demolished. Parkland now a public park and amenity.
• Rockingham lakeside gazebo.
• Rockingham Gothic Chapel. Roofless.
• Rockingham Castle. Nash may have contributed to picturesque island castle ruin.
• Swiss cottage, Cahir County Tipperary.(1810–14) Cottage ornee.
• City Gaol, Limerick City, County Limerick. 1811-1814. New Gaol.
• Lough Cutra Castle, Gort, County Galway(1811–1817) . Built for Charles Vereker subsequently Viscount Gort.
• Shane's Castle [Randalstown, County Antrim.](1812–16). Alterations to 17th.century castle for 1st. Earl O'Neill consisting lakeside terrace, and battlemented conservatory with round headed windows, watch-tower and look-out. Burnt down 1816 before Nash's plans were completed and abandoned.
• Burne Lodge. Crawfordsburn House, Co. Down. 1812. 2 storey gate lodge with octagonal room at first floor level.
• Shanbally Castle, near Clogheen, South Tipperary (1818–19). Built for Cornelius O'Callaghan, 1st. Viscount Lismore.Largest of Nash's Irish Castles. Has similarities with Luscombe Castle, Devon. Demolished and dynamited 1960.
• Gracefield Lodge, County Laois, for Mrs. Kavanagh. 1817.
• Erasmus Smith School, Cahir, County Tipperary. 1818.
• Tynan Abbey, Tynan, County Armagh. 1820. Remodelled in Tudor gothick style for Sir James Stronge. gutted by fire 1980. Drawings destroyed after being photographed.
• St. Laurence Church of Ireland, Derryloran Parish. 1822. Cost £2,769.4s.71/2d. Early English style. Rebuilt 1859-61.
• Woodpark Lodge, Co. Armagh. Alterations. 1830's.
• St. Beaidh church, Ardcarne, Co.Roscommon. Alterations including tower which was an eyecatcher to Rockingham House.
• Somerset House, Coleraine for Mr. Richardson. Date not known. Unexecuted.
• Mountain Lodge, Co. Tipperary for Viscount Lismore. Date not known. Now in use as youth hostel.
• Castle Leslie, County Monaghan. Date not known. Gateways and gate lodge.
• 80-82 Chapel Street, Cookstown, County Tyrone. Dower house to Killymoon. Date not known.
• Finaghy House, Belfast, Co. Armagh. Gatelodge. Date not known.
• Quaker Meering House, Branch Road, Tramore, County Waterford. 1869.

أعمال في اسكتلندة

Nash's only known work in Scotland is:

• St. Mary's Isle, Kirkcudbright, an enclosure around family graves (1796)

الهامش

المراجع

• Mansbridge, Michael (1991) John Nash A complete catalogue, Phaidon Press
• Port M.H. (2006) Six Hundred New Churches: The Church Building Commission 1818-1856, 2nd Ed, Yale University Press, I.S.B.N. 978-1-904965-08-04
• Suggett, Richard (1995) John Nash Architect in Wales, The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, ISBN 1-871184-16-9
• Summerson, John (1980) The Life and Work of John Nash Architect, George Allen & Unwin, ISBN 0-04-720021-9

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع John Nash.