إمبراطور روماني مقدس
| Emperor the Holy Roman Empire | |
|---|---|
Imperial | |
|
Reichsadler (Imperial Eagle) used by the emperors
of the high medieval period | |
|
Double-headed Reichsadler used by the Habsburg emperors of the early modern period
| |
| التفاصيل | |
| الأسلوب | His Imperial Majesty |
| أول عاهل | Charlemagne |
| آخر عاهل | Francis II |
| التشكيل | 25 December 800 |
| الإلغاء | 6 August 1806 |
| المعيـِّن | see Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor |
| المُطالب | Position abolished |
الامبراطور الروماني المقدس ( الالمانيه :Römischer Kaiser واللاتينية : Romanorum Imperator) كان العاهل المنتخب حاكم الامبراطوريه الرومانيه المقدسة ، وأوروبا الوسطى في خلال العصور الوسطى واوائل الفترة الحديثة.
حسب الاتفاق أول إمبراطور روماني مقدس كان ملك الفرنجة الملك شارلمان ، توج كامبراطور الغرب من البابا ليوالثالث في 25 كانون الاول / ديسمبر 800 ، رغم ان الامبراطوريه نفسها (وكذلك اسلوب الامبراطور الروماني المقدس) لم يدخل حيز الاستخدام حتى بعض وبعد فترة زمنيه. توج باباوات روما اباطره الامبراطوريه الرومانيه المقدسة حتى القرن السادس عشر ، وتنازل الامبراطور الاخير ، فرانسيس الثاني ، في 1806 اثناء حروب نابليون التي شهدت حل الامبراطوريه النهائي.
اللقب
From the time of Constantine I (4th century) the Roman emperors had, with very few exceptions, taken on a role as promoters and defenders of Christianity. The title of Emperor became defunct in Western Europe after the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476, although the rulers of the "barbarian kingdoms" continued to recognize the Eastern Emperor at least nominally well into the 6th century; both the title and connection between Emperor and Church continued in the Eastern Roman Empire until 1453, when it fell to the forces of the Ottoman Empire.
تعاقب الأباطرة الرومان المقدسين
Successions to the kingship were controlled by a variety of complicated factors. Elections meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of France, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. Some scholars suggest that the task of the elections was really to solve conflicts only when the dynastic rule was unclear, yet the process meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on side, which were known as Wahlkapitulationen (election capitulations).
الأباطرة الرومان المقدسون
This list includes all 47 emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, whether or not they styled themselves Holy Roman Emperor. There are some gaps in the tally. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor; Emperor Henry II was numbered as his successor as German King. The Guideschi follow the numeration for the Duchy of Spoleto.[]
الأسرة الكارولنجية
Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in 962 as the starting point of the Holy Roman Empire (although the term Sacrum Imperium Romanum was not in use before the 13th century).
The rulers who were crowned as Emperors in the West before 962 were as follows:
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Charles I, the Great (Charlemagne) (742–814) |
25 December 800 | 28 January 814 | • King of the Lombards • King of the Franks |
||
|
Louis I, the Pious (778–840) |
11 September 813 | 20 June 840 | Son of Charles I | • King of the Franks • King of Aquitaine |
|
|
Lothair I (795–855) |
5 April 823 | 29 September 855 | Son of Louis I | • King of Bavaria • King of Italy • King of Middle Francia |
|
|
Louis II (825–875) |
29 September 855 | 12 August 875 | Son of Lothair I | • King of Bavaria • King of Italy • King of Middle Francia |
|
|
Charles II, the Bald (823–877) |
29 December 875 | 6 October 877 | Son of Louis I | • King of West Francia • King of Italy |
|
|
Charles III, the Fat (839–888) |
12 February 881 | 13 January 888 | Grandson of Louis I | • King of West Francia • King of East Francia • King of Italy |
|
- شارلمان 768 - 814.م
- لويس الأول الورع 814 - 840.م
- لوثير الأول 840 - 855.م
- شارل الأول الأصلع 855 - 877.م
- لويس الثاني 877 - 879.م
- لويس الثالث 879 - 882.م
- كارلومان الثاني 879 - 884.م
- شارل البدين 884 - 888.م
Widonid dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Guy I (?–894) |
891 | 12 December 894 | Great-great grandson of Charles I | • King of Italy • Duke of Spoleto |
|
|
Lambert I (880–898) |
30 April 892 | 15 October 898 | Son of Guy I | • King of Italy • Duke of Spoleto |
|
Carolingian dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Arnulph (850–899) |
22 February 896 | 8 December 899 | Nephew of Charles III | • King of Italy • King of East Francia |
|
Bosonid dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Louis III, the Blind (880–928) |
22 February 901 | 21 July 905 | Grandson of Louis II | • King of Italy • King of Provence |
|
Unruoching dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Berengar I (845–924) |
December 915 | 7 April 924 | Grandson of Louis I | • King of Italy • Margrave of Friuli |
|
There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.
While earlier Germanic and Italian monarchs had been crowned as western Roman Emperors, the actual Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have begun with the crowning of the Saxon king Otto I. It was officially an elective position, though at times it ran in families, notably the four generations of the Salian dynasty in the 11th century. From the end of the Salian dynasty through the middle 15th century, the Emperors drew from many different German dynasties, and it was rare for the throne to pass from father to son. That changed with the ascension of the Austrian House of Habsburg, as an unbroken line of Habsburgs would hold the Imperial throne until the 18th century, later a cadet branch known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine would likewise pass it from father to son until the abolition of the Empire in 1806. Notably, the Habsburgs also dispensed with the requirement that emperors be crowned by the pope before exercising their office. Starting with Ferdinand I, all successive Emperors forwent the traditional coronation.
Ottonian dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Otto I, the Great (912–973) |
2 February 962 | 7 May 973 | Great-great-great grandson of Louis I | • King of Italy • King of Germany • Duke of Saxony |
|
|
Otto II, the Red (955–983) |
25 December 967 | 7 December 983 | Son of Otto I | • King of Italy • King of Germany |
|
|
Otto III (980–1002) |
21 May 996 | 23 January 1002 | Son of Otto II | • King of Italy • King of Germany |
|
|
Henry II (973–1024) |
7 June 1002 | 14 February 1014 | Second cousin of Otto III | • King of Italy • King of Germany • Duke of Bavaria |
|
Salian dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Conrad II, the Elder (990–1039) |
26 March 1027 | 4 June 1039 | Great-great-grandson of Otto I | • King of Burgundy • King of Italy • King of Germany |
|
|
Henry III, the Black (1017–1056) |
25 December 1046 | 5 October 1056 | Son of Conrad II | • King of Burgundy • King of Italy • King of Germany |
|
|
Henry IV (1050–1116) |
31 March 1084 | 7 August 1106 | Son of Henry III | • King of Burgundy • King of Italy • King of Germany |
|
|
Henry V (1086–1125) |
13 April 1111 | 23 May 1125 | Son of Henry IV | • King of Italy • King of Germany |
|
Supplinburg dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Lothair II (1075–1137) |
4 June 1133 | 4 December 1137 | Far descendant of Otto I | • King of Italy • King of Germany |
|
Staufen dynasty
| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Frederick I, Barbarossa (1122–1190) |
8 June 1155 | 10 June 1190 | Great-grandson of Henry IV | • King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Burgundy |
||
|
Henry VI (1165–1197) |
14 April 1191 | 28 September 1197 | Son of Frederick I | • King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Burgundy • Co-King of Sicily |
||
Welf dynasty
| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Otto IV (1175–1218) |
9 June 1198 | 1215 | Great-grandson of Lothair II | • King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Burgundy |
||
Staufen dynasty
| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Frederick II (1194–1250) |
22 November 1220 | 13 December 1250 | Son of Henry VI | • King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Sicily • King of Jerusalem |
||
|
Conrad IV (1228–1254) |
13 December 1250 | 21 May 1254 | Son of Frederick II | • King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Sicily • King of Jerusalem |
||
|
Conrad V (1252–1268) |
21 May 1254 | 29 October 1268 | Son of Conrad IV | • King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Sicily • King of Jerusalem |
||
House of Luxembourg
| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Henry VII (1274-1313) |
29 June 1312 | 24 August 1313 | Far descendant of Louis III | • King of Germany • King of Italy • Count of Luxemburg |
||
House of Wittelsbach
| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Louis IV, the Bavarian (1282–1347) |
October 1314 | 11 October 1347 | Far descendant of Lothair II and Henry IV | • King of Germany • King of Italy • Duke of Bavaria |
||
House of Luxembourg
| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Charles IV (1316–1378) |
11 July 1346 | 29 November 1378 | Grandson of Henry VII | • King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Bohemia • King of Burgundy • Count of Luxemburg |
||
|
Sigismund (1368–1437) |
10 September 1410 | 9 December 1437 | Son of Charles IV | • King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary and Croatia |
||
House of Habsburg
| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Frederick III, the Peaceful (1415–1493) |
2 February 1440 | 19 August 1493 | Far descendant of Lothair II | • King of Germany • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Maximilian I (1459–1519) |
19 August 1493 | 12 January 1519 | Son of Frederick III | • King of Germany • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Charles V (1500–1558) |
28 June 1519 | 16 January 1556 | Grandson of Maximilian I | • King of Germany • King of Italy • Archduke of Austria • King of Spain • Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy |
||
|
Ferdinand I (1503–1564) |
16 January 1556 | 25 July 1564 | Grandson of Maximilian I | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Maximilian II (1527–1576) |
25 July 1564 | 12 October 1576 | Son of Ferdinand I | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Rudolph II (1552–1612) |
12 October 1576 | 20 January 1612 | Son of Maximilian II | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Matthias (1557–1619) |
23 January 1612 | 20 March 1619 | Son of Maximilian II | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Ferdinand II (1578–1637) |
20 March 1619 | 15 February 1637 | Grandson of Ferdinand I | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Ferdinand III (1608–1657) |
15 February 1637 | 2 April 1657 | Son of Ferdinand II | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Leopold I (1640–1705) |
6 March 1657 | 5 May 1705 | Son of Ferdinand III | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Joseph I (1678–1711) |
5 May 1705 | 17 April 1711 | Son of Leopold I | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Charles VI (1685–1740) |
12 October 1711 | 20 October 1740 | Son of Leopold I |
Full list
• King of Germany
• King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria • King of Naples • King of Sicily • King of Sardinia • Duke of Luxemburg • Duke of Teschen • Duke of Parma and Piacenza • Count of Flanders |
||
House of Wittelsbach
| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Charles VII (1697–1745) |
12 February 1742 | 20 January 1745 | Great-great grandson of Ferdinand II | • King of Bohemia • Elector of Bavaria |
||
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
| Portrait | Coat of Arms | Name | Reign | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Others Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Francis I (1708–1765) |
13 September 1745 | 18 August 1765 | Great-grandson of Ferdinand III; Son-in-law of Charles VI | • King of Germany • Archduke of Austria • Grand Duke of Tuscany • Duke of Lorraine |
||
|
Joseph II (1741–1790) |
19 August 1765 | 20 February 1790 | Son of Francis I | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary and Croatia • Archduke of Austria |
||
|
Leopold II (1747–1792) |
21 February 1790 | 1 March 1792 | Son of Francis I | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary and Croatia • Archduke of Austria • Grand Duke of Tuscany |
||
|
Francis II (1768–1835) |
4 March 1792 | 6 August 1806 | Son of Leopold II | • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary and Croatia • Archduke of Austria |
||
التتويج
كان الامبراطور يُتوَّج في حفل خاص، عادةً يقوم به الپاپا في روما. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor. In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed Maximilian I to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilian's first successor Charles V was the last to be crowned Emperor.
| الامبراطور | تاريخ التتويج | Officiant | المكان |
|---|---|---|---|
| شارل الأول | 25 ديسمبر 800 | Pope Leo III | روما، إيطاليا |
| Louis I | 5 October 816 | Pope Stephen IV | Reims، فرنسا |
| Lothair I | 5 April 823 | Pope Paschal I | روما، إيطاليا |
| Louis II | 15 يونيو844 | Pope Leo IV | روما، إيطاليا |
| Charles II | 29 ديسمبر 875 | Pope John VIII | روما، إيطاليا |
| Charles III | 12 فبراير 881 | روما، إيطاليا | |
| Guy III of Spoleto | 21 فبراير 891 | Pope Stephen V | روما، إيطاليا |
| Lambert II of Spoleto | 30 April 892 | Pope Formosus | Ravenna، إيطاليا |
| Arnulf of Carinthia | 22 فبراير 896 | روما، إيطاليا | |
| Louis III | 15 or 22 فبراير 901 | Pope Benedict IV | روما، إيطاليا |
| Berengar | ديسمبر 915 | Pope John X | روما، إيطاليا |
| Otto I | 2 فبراير, 962 | Pope John XII | روما، إيطاليا |
| Otto II | 25 ديسمبر, 967 | Pope John XIII | روما، إيطاليا |
| Otto III | 21 May, 996 | Pope Gregory V | Monza، إيطاليا |
| Henry II | 14 فبراير 1014 | Pope Benedict VIII | روما، إيطاليا |
| Conrad II | 26 مارس 1027 | Pope John XIX | روما، إيطاليا |
| Henry III | 25 ديسمبر 1046 | Pope Clement II | روما، إيطاليا |
| Henry IV | 31 مارس 1084 | Antipope Clement III | روما، إيطاليا |
| Henry V | 13 April 1111 | Pope Paschal II | روما، إيطاليا |
| Lothair III | 4 يونيو1133 | Pope Innocent II | روما، إيطاليا |
| Frederick I | 18 يونيو1155 | Pope Adrian IV | روما، إيطاليا |
| Henry VI | 14 April 1191 | Pope Celestine III | روما، إيطاليا |
| Otto IV | 4 October 1209 | Pope Innocent III | روما، إيطاليا |
| Frederick II | 22 نوفمبر 1220 | Pope Honorius III | روما، إيطاليا |
| هنري السابع | 29 يونيو1312 | Ghibellines cardinals | روما، إيطاليا |
| Louis IV | 17 January 1328 | Senator Sciarra Colonna | روما، إيطاليا |
| Charles IV | 5 April 1355 | Pope Innocent VI's cardinal | روما، إيطاليا |
| Sigismund | 31 May 1433 | Pope Eugenius IV | روما، إيطاليا |
| Frederick III | 19 مارس 1452 | Pope Nicholas V | روما، إيطاليا |
| Charles V | 24 فبراير 1530 | Pope Clement VII | Bologna، إيطاليا |
مواضيع متعلقة
- Concordat of Worms
- Emperor for other uses of the title "Emperor" in Europe.
- First Council of the Lateran
- Holy Roman Emperors family tree
- Holy Roman Empress
- King of the Romans
- List of German monarchs
- Holy Roman Empire
- King of Italy
- Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
مراجع
- ^ Egon Boshof: Ludwig der Fromme. Darmstadt 1996, p. 89
- ^ Enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.
- ^ Enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor
- ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). . W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
- ^ Enumerated as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–869 but not Emperor
- ^ Enumerated as successor of Rudolph I who was German King 1273–1291.
- ^ ” Wir Franz der Zweyte, von Gottes Gnaden erwählter römischer Kaiser Imperator Austriae, Fransiscus I (1804), Allerhöchste Pragmatikal-Verordnung vom 11. August 1804, The HR Emperor, p. 1
