حصار ڤيكسبرگ
حصار ڤيكسبرگ Siege of Vicksburg (18 مايو– أربعة يوليو1863) كانت آخر عمل عسكري كبير في حملة ڤيكسبرگ في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية. ففي سلسلة من المناورات، Union Maj. Gen. يوليسيس گرانت and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate Army of Mississippi, led by Lt. Gen. جون پمبرتون, into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River; therefore, capturing it completed the second part of the Northern strategy، الخطة أناكوندا. When two major assaults (May 19 and 22, 1863) against the Confederate fortifications were repulsed with heavy casualties, Grant decided to besiege the city beginning on May 25. After holding out for more than forty days, with their reinforcement and supplies nearly gone, the garrison finally surrendered on July 4.
The successful ending of the Vicksburg Campaign significantly degraded the ability of the Confederacy to maintain its war effort, as described in the Aftermath section of the campaign article. Some historians—e.g., Ballard, p. 308—suggest that the decisive battle in the campaign was actually the Battle of Champion Hill, which, once won by Grant, made victory in the subsequent siege a foregone conclusion. This action (combined with the surrender of ميناء هدسون to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks on July 9) yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union forces, who would hold it for the rest of the conflict.
The Confederate surrender on July 4, 1863 is sometimes considered, when combined with Gen. Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg by Maj. Gen. George Meade, the turning point of the war. It cut off the states of Arkansas, لويزيانا, and Texas from the rest of the Confederate States, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two for the duration of the war. The Union victory also permanently severed communication between the Trans-Mississippi Department and the balance of the Confederacy.
خلفية
الوضع العسكري
القوات المتقابلة
| قادة الجيوش في ڤيكسبرگ |
|---|
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الحصار
الهجوم
عمليات الحصار
الحفاظ على ميدان المعركة
Vicksburg National Military Park | |
السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية | |
national military park | |
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Statue of General Grant at Vicksburg National Military Park
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| المسقط | ڤيكسبرگ، مسيسپي ودلتا، لويزيانا، الولايات المتحدة |
|---|---|
| المساحة | 1,852.75 أكرs (749.78 ها) |
| بُنيَ | February 21, 1899 |
| الطراز المعماري | Greek Revival |
| الزائري | 703,484 (2005) |
| NRHP reference # | خطأ لوا: invalid capture index %2 in replacement string. |
| أضيف إلى NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
انظر أيضاً
- Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863
- List of costliest American Civil War land battles
- Commemoration of the American Civil War
- Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
- Vicksburg National Military Park
- Armies in the American Civil War
الهامش
- ^ National Park Service. Grant's army arrived at the outskirts of Vicksburg on May 19, but formal siege operations began with Grant's Special Order No. 140 on May 25 (Simon, p. 267).
- ^ See: Rawley, pp. 145-169.
- ^ Kennedy, p. 172.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةK173
المراجع
- Ballard, Michael B. Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8078-2893-9.
- Bearss, Edwin C. The Campaign for Vicksburg. ثلاثة vols. Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1985. ISBN 978-0-89029-312-6.
- Catton, Bruce. The Centennial History of the Civil War. Vol. 3, Never Call Retreat. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965. ISBN 0-671-46990-8.
- Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
- Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. OCLC 5890637. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website.
- Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9.
- Gabel, Christopher R., . Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2001. OCLC 47296103.
- Grabau, Warren E. Ninety-Eighty Days: A Geographer's View of the Vicksburg Campaign. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2000. ISBN 1-57233-068-6.
- Grant, Ulysses S. . 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
- Kennedy, Frances H., ed. . 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
- Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. War on the Mississippi: Grant's Vicksburg Campaign. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. ISBN 0-8094-4744-4.
- McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0.
- Smith, Jean Edward. Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84927-5.
- Simon, John Y., ed. . Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-8093-0884-3.
- National Park Service battle description
- CWSAC Report Update
- Various resources from the University Libraries Division of Special Collections, The University of Alabama.
- U.S. War Department, : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
للاستزادة
- Ballard, Michael B. Grant at Vicksburg: The General and the Siege. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-8093-3240-3.
- Bearss, Edwin C. Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4262-0510-1.
- Groom, Winston. Vicksburg, 1863. New York: Knopf, 2009. ISBN 978-0-307-26425-1.
- Rawley, James A. (1966). . University of Nebraska Press. ISBN . OCLC 44957745.
- Shea, William L. and Terrence J. Winschel. Vicksburg is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8032-9344-1.
- Solonick, Justin S. (7 April 2015). . Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN .
- Winschel, Terrence J. Triumph & Defeat: The Vicksburg Campaign. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 1-882810-31-7.
- Winschel, Terrence J. Triumph & Defeat: The Vicksburg Campaign, Vol. 2. New York: Savas Beatie, 2006. ISBN 1-932714-21-9.
- Winschel, Terrence J. Vicksburg: Fall of the Confederate Gibraltar. Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 1999. ISBN 978-1-893114-00-5.
- Woodworth, Steven E..ed. Grant's Lieutenants: From Cairo to Vicksburg. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001. ISBN 0-7006-1127-4.
- Woodworth, Steven E.. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8.
- Woodworth, Steven E.. Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 0-375-41218-2.
وصلات خارجية
| Find more about حصار ڤيكسبرگ at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
| Definitions from Wiktionary | |
| Media from Commons | |
| Source texts from Wikisource | |
| Database entry Q1066253 on Wikidata | |
- Vicksburg Battlefield: Battle maps, photos, history articles, and battlefield news (Civil War Trust)
- Vicksburg Campaign animated map (Civil War Trust)
- National Park Service, Vicksburg
- Vicksburg Virtual Museum Exhibit, National Park Service
- Animated map of the Siege of Vicksburg (Civil War Trust)
- Animated history of the Siege of Vicksburg
- C-SPAN American History TV Tour of Vicksburg National Military Park
