إوى (شعب)
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Ewe artwork
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| إجمالي التعداد | |
|---|---|
| ~6.7 مليون | |
| المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة | |
 غانا 3.3 مليون توگوثلاثة مليون بنين 0.4 مليون | |
| Languages | |
| Ewe | |
| Religion | |
| المسيحية (50%), الأقليات: Vodun Traditional Religion, الإسلام، اليهودية | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Fon, Gen, Phla Phera, Aja people |
شعب إوِى (Ewe ؛ نطقب:Lang-ee، التي تعني حرفياً "شعب إوى"؛ أوMono Kple Volta Tɔ́sisiwo Dome، التي تعني حرفياً "أمة إوى"، "Eʋenyigba" أرض إوى؛) are an African ethnic group. هم أكبر جماعة عرقية في توگو(32%), the third largest ethnic group in Ghana (14%), وهم أقلية عرقية في جنوب بنين وساحل العاج and Nigeria. They speak the Ewe language (نطقب:Lang-ee) which belongs to the Niger-Congo family of languages. They are related to other speakers of Gbe languages, such as, the Fon, Gen, Phla Phera, and the Aja people في توگووبنين.
الديمغرافيا
Ewe people are located primarily in the coastal regions of West Africa, in the region south and east of the Volta River to around the Mono River at Togo and Benin border. They are particularly found in southern Togo (formerly French Togoland), Volta Region in southeastern Ghana (formerly British Togoland), and in southwestern parts of Benin. The Ewe region is sometimes referred to as the Ewe nation or Eʋedukɔ́ region (Togoland in colonial literature). The Ewe people have a large presence in Accra. They are also found in Ivory Coast and Yorubaland in Nigeria.
They consist of four groups based on their dialect and geographic concentration: the Anlo Ewe, the Mina, Anechɔ, Ʋedome(Danyi), Tongu or Tɔŋu. The literary language has been the Anlo sub-branch.
التاريخ
The ancient history of the Ewe people is unknown. The origin of the Ewe people is generally believed to be the region that is now the border between Benin and Nigeria. The invasions and wars of the 17th century triggered them to migrate into their current location. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Ewe people likely had some presence in their current homelands at least earlier than the 13th century. This evidence dates their dynamism to a much earlier period than previously believed. However, other evidence also suggests a period of turmoil, particularly when Yoruba warriors of Oyo Empire ruled the region. Their own oral tradition describes the brutal king Agɔ Akɔli or (Agor Akorli) of Notse ruled from Kpalimé in 17th century.
They share a history with people who speak Gbe languages. These speakers occupied the area between Akanland and Yorubaland. Previously some historians have tried to tie them to both Akan and Yoruba ethnic groups, but more recent studies suggest these are distinct ethnic groups that are neither Akan or Yoruba, although they appear to have both influenced and taken influence from the two ethnic groups.
The Ewe people had cordial relations with colonial era European traders. However, in 1784, they warred with Danish colonial interests as Denmark attempted to establish coastal forts in Ewe regions for its officials and merchants. The Ewes were both victims of slave raiding and trade, as well slave sellers to European slave merchants and ships. Politically structured as chiefdoms, the Ewe people were frequently at war with each other, raided other clans within the Ewe people as well as in Ashantiland, and they sold the captives as slaves.
After slavery was abolished and slave trade brought to a halt, the major economic activity of the Ewe people shifted to palm oil and copra exports. Their region was divided between the colonial powers, initially between the German and British colonies, and after World War I their territories were divided between the British and a British-French joint protectorate. After World War I, the British Togoland and French Togoland were respectively renamed Volta Region and Togo. The French Togoland was renamed Republic of Togo and gained independence from France on April 27, 1960.
الديانة
الديانة التقليدية
The sophisticated theology of the Ewe people is similar to those of nearby ethnic groups, such as the Fon religion. This traditional Ewe religion is called Voodoo. The word is borrowed from the Fon language, and means "spirit". The Ewe religion holds Mawu as the creator god, who created numerous lesser deities (trɔwo) that serve as the spiritual vehicles and the powers that influence a person's destiny. This mirrors the Mawu and Lisa (Goddess and God) theology of the Fon religion, and like them, these are remote from daily affairs of the Ewe people. The lesser deities are believed to have means to grant favors or inflict harm.
The Ewe have the concept of Si, which implies a "spiritual marriage" between the deity and the faithful. It is typically referred to as a suffix to a deity. Thus a Fofie-si refers to a faithful who has pledged to deity Fofie, just like a spouse would during a marriage. Ancestral spirits are important part of the Ewe traditional religion, and shared by a clan.
الإسلام
Islam arrived in Ewe region in the 17th century, and remained concentrated in its north among the wealthy nobles and trans-Saharan traders. Islam has remained a minority religion among the Ewe people, with continued strong presence in the north, and some regions such as Lomé in south of a significant presence.
المسيحية
Christianity arrived among the Ewe people with the colonial merchants and missionaries. Major missions were established after 1840, by European colonies. German Lutheran missionaries arrived in 1847. Their ideas were accepted in the coastal areas, and Germans named their region Togoland, or Togo meaning 'beyond the sea' in Ewe language. Germans lost their influence in World War I, their Christian missions were forced to leave the Togoland, and thereafter the French and British missionaries became more prominent among the Ewe people.
About 50% of the Ewe population, particularly belonging to the coastal urban area, has converted to Christianity. However, they continue to practice the traditional rites and rituals of their ancestral religion.
المجتمع والثقافة
The Ewe people are a patrilineal people who live in villages that contain lineages. Each lineage is headed by the male elder. The male ancestors have Ewe are revered, and traditionally, families can trace male ancestors. The land owned by an Ewe family is considered an ancestral gift, and they do not sell this gift.
Ewe people are notable for their fierce independence and have lacked group identity, and they have never supported a concentration of power within a village or through a large state. Village decisions have been made by a collection of elders, and they have refused to politically support strong kings, after their experience with the 17th century powerful despot named Agokoli of Notse. This has led to a lack of state, and their inability to respond to jihads and wars that followed in and after 18th century. In regional matters, the chief traditional priest has been the primary power. In contemporary times, the Ewes have attempted to connect and build a common culture and language-driven identity across the three countries where they are commonly found.
While patrilineal, the Ewe women are traditionally the major merchants and traders, both at wholesale and retail level. Most shops and transactions are solely managed by women, and this include groceries to textiles.
Another notable aspect of Ewe culture, state ethnologists such as Rosenthal and Venkatachalam, is their refusal to blame others, their "deep distress and voluntary acceptance of guilt" for their ancestor's role in the slave trade. They have gone to extraordinary lengths to commemorate former slaves midst them, and making the ancestors of the slaves to be revered deities as well.
الموسيقى
The Ewe have developed a complex culture of music, closely integrated with their traditional religion. This includes drumming. Ewe believe that if someone is a good drummer, it is because they inherited a spirit of an ancestor who was a good drummer.
Ewe music has many genres. One is Agbekor, which relates to songs and music around war. These cover the range of human emotions associated with the consequence of war, from courage and solidarity inspired by their ancestors, to the invincible success that awaits Ewe warriors, to death and grief of loss.
Cross-rhythm drumming is a part of Ewe musical culture. In general, Ewe drums are constructed like barrels with wooden staves and metal rings, or carved from a single log. They are played with sticks and hands, and often fulfill roles that are traditional to the family. The 'child' or 'baby brother' drum, kagan, usually plays on the off beats in a repeated pattern that links directly with the bell and shaker ostinatos. The 'mother' drum, kidi, usually has a more active role in the accompaniment. It responds to the larger sogo or 'father' drum. The entire ensemble is led by the atsimevu or 'grandfather' drum, largest of the group.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Lyrical songs are more prevalent in the southern region. In the north, flutes and drums generally take the place of the singer's voice.[بحاجة لمصدر]
الرقص
نطقب:Refimprove-section The Ewe have an intricate collection of dances, which vary between geographical regions and other factors. One such dance is the Adevu (Ade - hunting, Vu - dance). This is a professional dance that celebrates the hunter. They are meant both to make animals easier to hunt and to give animals a ritual 'funeral' in order to prevent the animal's spirit from returning and harming the hunter.
Another dance, the Agbadza, is traditionally a war dance but is now used in social and recreational situations to celebrate peace. War dances are sometimes used as military training exercises, with signals from the lead drum ordering the warriors to move ahead, to the right, go down, etc. These dances also helped in preparing the warriors for battle and upon their return from fighting they would act out their deeds in battle through their movements in the dance.
The Atsiagbekor is a contemporary version of the Ewe war dance Atamga (Great (ga) Oath (atama) in reference to the oaths taken by people before proceeding into battle. The movements of this present-day version are mostly in platoon formation and are not only used to display battle tactics, but also to energize and invigorate the soldiers. Today, Atsiagbekor is performed for entertainment at social gatherings and at cultural presentations.
The Atsia dance, which is performed mostly by women, is a series of stylistic movements dictated to dancers by the lead drummer. Each dance movement has its own prescribed rhythmic pattern, which is synchronized with the lead drum. 'Atsia' in the Ewe language means style or display.
The Bobobo (originally 'Akpese') is said to have been developed by Francis Kojo Nuatro. He is thought to have been an ex-police officer who organized a group in the middle to late 1940s. The dance has its roots from Wusuta and in the 'Highlife' popular music across West African countries. Bobobo gained national recognition in the 1950s and 1960s because of its use at political rallies and the novelty of its dance formations and movements. It is generally performed at funerals and other social occasions. This is a social dance with a great deal of room for free expression. In general, the men sing and dance in the center while the women dance in a ring around them. There are 'slow' and 'fast' versions of Bobobo. The slow one is called Akpese and the fast one is termed to be Bobobo.
Agahu is both the name of a dance and of one of the many secular music associations (clubs) of the Ewe people of Togo, Dahomey, and in the south-eastern part of the Volta Region. Each club (Gadzok, Takada, and Atsiagbeko are other such clubs) has its own distinctive drumming and dancing, as well as its own repertoire of songs. A popular social dance of West Africa, Agahu was created by the Egun speaking people from the town of Ketonu in what is now Benin. From there it spread to the Badagry area of Nigeria where migrant Ewe fisherman heard, adapted. In dancing the Agahu, two circles are formed; the men stay stationary with their arms out and then bend with a knee forward for the women to sit on. They progress around the circle until they arrive at their original partner.
گبدزيميدو Gbedzimido هي رسيرة حرب يؤديها في الغالب شعب مافي-گبوركوفى وآمـِگاكوپى Amegakope في مقاطعة تونگوالوسطى بمنطقة ڤولتا في غانا. وقد تحولت گبدزيميدوإلى رسيرة معاصرة وعادة ما تـُرى فقط في المناسبات فائقة الأهمية، مثل Asafotu festival, celebrated annually by the Tongu people around December. The dance is also performed at the funerals of highly placed people in society, mostly men. Mafi-Gborkofe is a small farming village near Mafi-Kumase.
Gota uses the mystical calabash drum of Benin, West Africa. The calabash was originally called the "drum of the dead" and was played only at funerals. It is now performed for social entertainment. The most exciting parts of Gota are the synchronized stops of the drummers and dancers.
Tro-u is ancestral drum music that is played to invite ancestors to special sacred occasions at a shrine. For religious purposes, a priest or priestess would be present. There are fast and slow rhythms that can be called by the religious leader in order to facilitate communication with the spirit world. The bell rhythm is played on a boat-shaped bell in the north, but the southern region uses a double bell. The three drums must have distinct pitch levels in order to lock in.
Sowu is one of the seven different styles of drumming that belong to the cult of Yewe, adapted for stage. Yewe is the God of Thunder and lightning among the Ewe speaking people of Togo, Benin, and in south-eastern parts of the Volta Region. Yewe is a very exclusive cult and its music is one of the most developed forms of sacred music in Eweland.
اللغة: Eʋegbe
نطقب:Infobox ethnonym
Ewe, also written Evhe, or Eʋe, is a major dialect cluster of Gbe or Tadoid (Capo 1991, Duthie 1996) spoken in the southern parts of the Volta Region, in Ghana and across southern Togo, to the Togo-Benin border by about three million people. Ewe belongs to the Gbe family of Niger-Congo. Gbe languages are spoken in an area that extends predominantly from Togo, Benin and as far as Western Nigeria to Lower Weme.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Ewe dialects vary. Groups of villages that are two or three kilometres apart use distinct varieties. Nevertheless, across the Ewe-speaking area, the dialects may be broadly grouped geographically into coastal or southern dialects, e.g., Aŋlɔ, Tɔŋú Avenor, Watsyi and inland dialects characterised indigenously as Ewedomegbe, e.g., Lomé, Danyi, and Kpele etc. (Agbodeka 1997, Gavua 2000, Ansre 2000). Speakers from different localities understand each other and can identify the peculiarities of the different areas. Additionally, there is a written standard that was developed in the nineteenth century based on the regional variants of the various sub-dialects with a high degree of coastal content. With it, a standard colloquial variety has also emerged (spoken usually with a local accent), and is used very widely in cross-dialectal contact sites such as schools, markets, and churches.[بحاجة لمصدر]
The storytellers use a dialect of Aŋlɔ spoken in Seva. Their language is the spoken form and hence does not necessarily conform to the expectations of someone familiar with the standard dialect. For instance, they use the form yi to introduce relative clauses instead of the standard written si, and yia 'this' instead of the standard written sia. They sometimes also use subject markers on the verb agreeing with the lexical NP subject while this is not written in the standard. A distinctive feature of the Aŋlɔ dialect is that the sounds made in the area of the teeth ridge are palatalised when followed by a high vowel. For instance, the verb tsi 'become old' is pronounced [tsyi] by the storyteller Kwakuga Goka.[بحاجة لمصدر]
انظر أيضاً
- Ewe music
- Ewe drumming
- Anlo Ewe
- Avenor Ewe
- Agbadza
الهامش
- ^ James Minahan (2002). . ABC-CLIO. pp. 589–590. ISBN .
- ^ John A. Shoup III (2011). . ABC-CLIO. p. 90. ISBN .
- ^ Basic Ewe for foreign students, p. 206.
- ^ Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). . Oxford University Press. pp. 454–455. ISBN .
- ^ Ghana, CIA Factbook
- ^ Éwé: A Language of Ghana, Ethnologue
- ^ John A. Shoup III (2011). . ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–90. ISBN .
- ^ Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy, Robert Farris Thompson
- ^ Translating the Devil: Religion and Modernity Among the Ewe in Ghana, Birgit Meyer
- ^ Meera Venkatachalam (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–8, 16–17. ISBN .
- ^ James Minahan (2002). . ABC-CLIO. pp. 590–591. ISBN .
- ^ Meera Venkatachalam (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 3 with note 3. ISBN .
- ^ Toyin Falola; Daniel Jean-Jacques (2015). . ABC-CLIO. p. 1210. ISBN .
- ^ Meera Venkatachalam (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN .
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^ Jeff Todd Titon; Timothy J. Cooley; David Locke; et al. (2009). . Cengage. pp. 73–78, 83–84. ISBN . Explicit use of et al. in:
|author3=(help) - ^ Victor Kofi Agawu (1995). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–202. ISBN .
- ^ "Ewe". Ghana Web. Ghana Web. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
ببليوگرافيا
- The Ewe People, Jakob Spieth (1906), A German Togo colony record
- Ewe (Heritage Library of African Peoples) by E. Ofori Akyea
- A handbook of Eweland: Volume I, edited by Francis Agbodeka
- A Handbook of Eweland: Volume II, edited by Kodzo Gavua
- The Ewe of Togo and Benin, A handbook of Eweland Volume III
- Eʋe Dukɔ ƒe Blemanyawo, Eŋlɔla: Charles Kɔmi Kudzɔdzi (Papavi Hogbedetɔ)
- African Rhythm: A Northern Ewe Perspective by Kofi Agawu
- Gahu: Traditional Social Music of the Ewe People
- Kpegisu: A War Drum of the Ewe by Godwin Agbeli
- Gahu: Traditional Social Music of Ewe People
- Amegbetɔa alo Agbezuge ƒe ŋutinya
وصلات خارجية
- The pride of Ewe Kente http://www.africanfabric.co.uk/bks_001.php
- Ewe Stories and Storytellers http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/verba-africana/ewe/main.htm
- African Proverbs: Guide to Conduct the Moral Value of Ewe Proverbs http://www.bookfinder.com/author/n-k-dzobo/
- Traditional Ewe stories retold, in English https://books.google.com/books?id=uX9xQa3Ri74C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
نطقب:Ethnic groups of Ghana
