كليوپاترا السابعة فيلوپاتور ("أي محبة أبيها") (يناير 69 ق.م. – 12 أغسطس 30 ق.م.) هي احدى ملكات الأسره الثانية والثلاثين وهي تعتبر أخر ملكات البطالمة. تعهد بكليوپاترا بدون السابعة مع أنه عثر غيرها الكثير ممن أخذا هذا الاسم. وأول ملكة مصرية من أسرتها تتفهم اللغة المصرية بعد 300 سنة من التعامل باللغة والحضارة اليونانية.

حياتها وحكمها

ابنة الملك بطليموس الثاني عشر اوليتيس ، كان قد قدر لكليوباترا ان تصبح آخر ملكة للسلاله المقدونيه التي حكمت مصر بين موت الاسكندر الأكبر في 323 قبل الميلاد وضمها إلى روما في 30 قبل الميلاد. اسس السلالة ظابط الأكسندر بطليموس ، الذي اصبح الملك بطليموس الاول سوتر مصر. كانت كليوباترا من السلاله المقدونيه وقلما وجدبها الدم المصري ، ورغم ان المؤلف الكلاسيكي بلترش يقول انها الوحيده في اسرتهاالتي تجشمت المصاعب لتفهم المصرية و، لأسباب سياسية ، سمت نفسهاايزيس الجديدة لقب ميزها عن الملكة كليوباترا الثالثة ، والتي زعمت أيضا انها تجسيدا حيا للالهة ايزيس.

اشكال عملة كليوباترا تظهر طلعة مفعمة بالحيوية بدلا من جميلة ، بفم رقيق ، ذقن قوي ، عيون صافية ، جبهه عريضة وانف بارزة.

عندما توفي بطليموس الثاني عشر في 51 ق.م.، انتقل العرش إلى ابنه الصغير ، بطليموس الثالث عشر، وابنته كليوباترا السابعة. ومن المرجح ، ولكن لم يثبت ، حتى الاثنان تزوجا فور وفاة الاب. كليوباتراابنة الثمانية عشر عاما التي كانت تكبر شقيقها بنحوثماني سنوات ، أصبحت الحاكم المهيمن. الدلائل تشير إلى ان المرسوم الاول الذي فيه اسم بطليموس يسبق لكليوباترا كان في اكتوبر سنة 50 ق.م. فورا بعد، حتى اجبرت كليوباترا على الفرار من مصر إلى سوريا ، حيث انشأت جيشا وفي 48 ق.م. عادت إلى لقاءة اخيها في بيلوسيوم( بور سعيد حاليا) على حدود مصر الشرقية. إن مقتل الظابط الروماني بومبي ، الذي طلب اللجوء من بطليموس الثالث عشر في بيلوسيوم، ووصول يوليوس قيصر ادى إلى سلام مؤقت. ادركت كليوباترا انها في حاجة لدعم الرومان ، أوبشكل أكثر تحديدا ، دعم قيصر ، اذا كان عليها استعادة العرش. كلا مصمم لاستخدام الآخر. قيصر سعى للمال لتسديد الديون التي تكبدهامن والدكليوباترا، اوليتيس، من اجل الاحتفاظ بالعرش. كليوباترا عازمه على الاحتفاظ بعرشها ، واذا امكن استعادة امجاد البطالمه الأول واسترداد أكبر قدر ممكن من سطوتهم ، والتي ضمت جنوب سوريا وفلسطين.

اصبح قيصر وكليوباترا عشاق وامضيا الشتاء محاصرين في الاسكندرية. وصلت التعزيزات الرومانية الربيع التالي ، وبطليموس الثالث عشر فر وغرق في النيل. كليوباترا ، الآن تزوجت اخاها بطليموس الرابع عشر ، وأعيد لها العرش. في يونيوسنة 47 ق.م. انجبت بطليموس قيصر (المعروف عند شعب الاسكندرية بقيصريون او" قيصر الصغير"). ماإذا كان قيصر أبا لقيصريون ، كما يعني اسمه ، لا يمكن الآن معهدته.

كليوپاترا ومارك أنتوني

انتحارها

وفي 12 أغسطس 30 ق.م. انتحرت كليوپاترا بعد هزيمتها هي ومارك أنتوني في معركة أكتيوم.

كليوباترا في الفن والأفلام والتلفزيون والأدب

Cleopatra's story has fascinated scores of writers and artists through the centuries. While she was a powerful political figure in her own right, it is likely that much of her appeal lay in her legend as a great seductress who was able to ally herself with two of the most powerful men (Julius Caesar and Mark Antony) of her time.

فن: دراما

من بين أشهر الأعمال عنها:

• أنطونيووكليوپاترا (c. 1609) by وليام شيكسپير
• All for Love (1678) by John Dryden
• القيصر وكليوپاترا (1901) جورج برنارد شو
• مصرع كليوپاترا (مسرحية)، تأليف أمير الشعراء أحمد شوقي
• كليوپاترا صامويل دانيال

أدب: آخر

• Cléopâtre by Jules-Émile-Frédéric Massenet
• Incipit Legenda Cleopatrie Martiris, Egipti Regine from Geoffrey Chaucer's The Legend of Good Women
• Cléopatre by Victorien Sardou
• Cleopatra (1889) by H. Rider Haggard
• The Memoirs of Cleopatra by Margaret George
• Kleopatra and Pharaoh by Karen Essex
• Many Asterix books, particularly Asterix and Cleopatra, with a Cleopatra inspired by Elizabeth Taylor.
• Sheba, a comic book by Walter S. Crane IV
• In the satirical newspaper column archy and mehitabel, the cat mehitabel claims to be the reincarnation of Cleopatra.
• The Royal Diaries: Cleopatra VII: Daughter of the Nile, Egypt, 57 B.C. by Kristiana Gregory, a fictionalized story of Cleopatra's childhood and adolescence beginning from about 1 year before her sister, Tryphaena seizes the crown and ending a few months before she herself is crowned.
• Ides of March an epistolatory novel by Thornton Wilder. This describes Cleopatra's visit to Rome just before the assassination of Julius Caesar and includes an imagined correspondence between the two characters.

أفلام

The earliest Cleopatra-related motion picture was Antony and Cleopatra (1908) with Florence Lawrence as Cleopatra. The earliest film on Cleopatra as the main subject was Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, starring Helen Gardner (1912).

أفلام سنيمائية وتلفزيونية مستوحاة من سيرة ملكة النيل تضم:

Cleopatra (1917) 

Based on Émile Moreau's play Cléopatre, Sardou's play Cléopatre, and Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. Starred Theda Bara (Cleopatra), Fritz Leiber (Caesar), Thurston Hall (Antony); directed by J. Gordon Edwards.

Cleopatra (1934) 

Oscar-winning Cecil B. DeMille epic. Starred Claudette Colbert (Cleopatra), Warren William (Caesar), Henry Wilcoxon (Antony).

Caesar and Cleopatra (1945) 

Oscar-nominated version of George Bernard Shaw's play of the same name. Starred Vivien Leigh (Cleopatra), Claude Rains (Caesar), Stewart Granger, Flora Robson; Leigh also played Cleopatra opposite then-husband's Laurence Olivier's Caesar in a later لندن stage version.

Serpent of the Nile (1953) 

Starred Rhonda Fleming (Cleopatra), Raymond Burr (Mark Antony), Michael Fox (Octavian).

Cléo deخمسة à 7 (1961) 

French New Wave Feminist film by Agnes Varda about a contemporary beautiful Parisian, symbolizing Cleopatra, in the last 2 hours of her death.

Cleopatra (1963) 

Oscar-winning blockbuster most (in)famously remembered for the off-screen affair between Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton and the at-the-time massive $44 million cost — today just under $270 million —, making it the second most expensive film ever made (after War and Peace (1968)). Starred Elizabeth Taylor (Cleopatra), Rex Harrison (Caesar), Richard Burton (Antony).

Totò e Cleopatra (1963) 

An Italian comedy movie about Cleopatra and Mark Antony, who was played by the Italian actor Totò.

Carry On Cleo (1964) 

A parody of the American 1963 film, with Amanda Barrie as Cleopatra, Sid James as Mark Antony, and Kenneth Williams as Caesar.

Kureopatora (Cleopatra: Queen of Sex) (1970) 

A Japanese animated film by Osamu Tezuka. When released in the الولايات المتحدة, the film was promoted as being X-rated in an attempt to cash in on the success of Fritz the Cat. In actuality, Cleopatra had not been submitted to the MPAA, and it is considered to be highly unlikely that it would have received an X rating if it had been submitted. The English subtitled version is said to be lost, but a clip from the dubbed version is available on YouTube.

The Notorious Cleopatra (1970) 

A grossly inaccurate sexploitation film by Harry Novak. In this version Cleopatra is stabbed to death in her tub by Mark Anthony.

Antony & Cleopatra (1974) 

Television production performed by لندن's Royal Shakespeare Company, shown in the US in 1975 to great critical acclaim. Starred Janet Suzman (Cleopatra), Richard Johnson (Antony), and Patrick Stewart (Enobarbus).

Miss Cleopatra (1990) 

A Pakistani movie in Punjabi starring the Babra Sharif.

Cleopatra (1999) 

Based on the book Memoirs of Cleopatra by Margaret George, it is less faithful to history than the earlier versions. Starred Leonor Varela (Cleopatra), Timothy Dalton (Caesar), Billy Zane (Antony).

Mission Cleopatra (2000)

French film based on the comic book Astérix et Cléopatre by René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo. Starred Monica Bellucci (Cleopatra), Alain Chabat (Caesar), Christian Clavier, Gerard Depardieu.

Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (2005) 

Scooby-Doo and the gang investigate the curse of Cleopatra.

تلفزيون

• (1993): An Animaniacs short featuring Rita and Runt also portrayed as sly, seductive Cleopatra dominating over a cowardly Mark Antony. The cartoon also pointed out the use of animal sacrifices in Ancient Egypt.
• (1993–1995) in Legends of the Hidden Temple, one of the artifacts was the Snake Bracelet of Cleopatra.
• (1998): Histeria! frequently featured Cleopatra, usually portrayed by a tanned World's Oldest Woman or, if she were being portrayed as attractive, Pepper Mills.
• (2002–2003): Clone High, Cleopatra was featured on Clone High as one of the main characters. In the show, Cleopatra is portrayed as beautiful and popular.
• (2005/2007): A version of Cleopatra appears in the HBO/BBC series Rome, portrayed by Lyndsey Marshal. She is introduced (along with brother Ptolemy XIII) in the Season 1 episode Caesarion, which begins with Pompey's assassination and ends with the birth of Caesarion. Cleopatra also appears in four episodes in Season 2, in which she makes an enemy of Atia of the Julii (Polly Walker) and later allies with Mark Antony (James Purefoy). The series finale features Antony and Cleopatra's deaths, and Octavia taking in the twins (Ptolemy Philadelphus is not acknowledged in the series). Rome also invents a subplot in which Caesarion is eventually revealed to actually be Cleopatra's son with lowly Roman soldier Titus Pullo, who saves the boy from execution by telling Octavian that he murdered Caesarion.
• Cleopatra was featured twice in Xena: Warrior Princess. She was played by Gina Torres in her first appearance then by Josephine Davison in her second.

اوپرا

• ظهرت كشخصية في اوپرا هاندل (Giulio Cesare), Carl Heinrich Graun (Cleopatra e Cesare), Johann Adolph Hasse, Jules Massenet (Cléopâtre) and Johann Mattheson (Cleopatra).

• ليلة كليوپاترا للمؤلف الموسيقي الأمريكي هنري كميبال هادلي، مقتبسة من سيرة قصيرة خطها تيوفيل گوتيه وعرضت لأول مرة في اوپرا متروپوليتان عام 1920.

• Anthony and Cleopatra by Samuel Barber opened the new Metropolitan Opera House in 1966.

باليه

• One More Gaudy Night (1961) by American choreographer Martha Graham

ألعاب ڤيديو

• Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone for the arcades and on the NES and Genesis has Cleopatra as the final boss.

• Bill & Ted's Excellent Video Game Adventure for the NES she is one of 16 historical figures kidnapped and left stranded in another time by time-space rebels.

• Cleopatra: The Official Pharaoh Expansion Pack was the official expansion pack for the popular City building series of PC games by Impression games.

فن قديم—triumph painting, sculpture

The most famous painting of Cleopatra is one that almost certainly no longer exists now. Because the queen died in Egypt well before Augustus' triumph could be put on in Rome, in which she would have walked in chains, Augustus commissioned a large painting of her, which was carried in his triumphal procession, and which may have represented her being poisoned by an asp. The sources for the story are Plut. Ant. 86 and App. Civ. II.102, although the latter may well refer to a statue, and Cass. Dio LI.21.3 reports that the "image" was of gold, and thus not a painting at all. A painting purported to be this work was engraved in the early 19th century: it was said to be in a private collection near Sorrento. Since then, this painting is said to have formed part of a collection in Cortona, but there no longer appears to be any trace of it; its quiet disappearance is almost certainly due to its being a fake. For comprehensive details on the entire question, see the external links at the end of this article.

رسم, عصر النهضة وما بعده

Cleopatra and her death have inspired hundreds of paintings from the Renaissance to our own time, none of them of any historical value of course, and most misleadingly depict her as a young woman at the time of her death; the subject appealing in particular to French academic painters.

• Sir Thomas Browne: Of the Picture describing the death of Cleopatra (1672)
• John Sartain: On the Antique Portrait of Cleopatra (1818)

الانتحار

• Suicide of Cleopatra. Oil on canvas. 46×36¾″ (116.8×93.3cm) painted by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, also called Guercino. Painted in 1621 and which hangs in the collection in the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, California. It shows Cleopatra and in her hand a snake that she prepares to use in her suicide.

• Cleopatra, painted by Artemesia Gentileschi,1621-22, of the artist's Genovese period. Pictures the queen in the act of committing suicide. Oil on Canvas. Hangs in the Amedeo Morandorri, Milan.

• Cleopatra, painted by Artemesia Gentileschi, ca. 1630. Oil on Canvas. Collection of Fondazione Cavallini-Sgarbi, Ferrara.

• The Death of Cleopatra, painted by Jean André Rixens, painted in 1874 and that hangs in the Musée des Augustins in Toulouse, فرنسا.

• The Death of Cleopatra, painted by Guido Cagnacci, painted in 1658. Oil on canvas. Hanging in the Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum.

آخرون

• The Banquet of Cleopatra (1743-5). Oil on Canvas, 248.2 x 357.8cm. Painted by Giambattista Tiepolo (1696-1770), which hangs in the National Gallery of Victoria, Australia, depicting the banquet in which Cleopatra dissolves her pearl earring in a glass of vinegar.
• Cleopatra and Caesar (Cléopâtre et César) (1866). Oil on canvas. Painted by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824-1904). The original painting has been lost, and only copies remain. The work depicts Cleopatra standing before a seated Caesar, painted in the Orientalist style.

معلومات

عندما وُلدت كليوپاترا, كان الهرم الأكبر عمره 2,500 عاماً.

هامش

في المخيلة الشعبية

مصرع كليوپاترا (مسرحية) مسرحية شعرية من تأليف أحمد شوقي

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Cleopatra VII of Egypt.

عام

• The Queen Cleopatra at the Encyclopedia channel (230 biographical films about historical figures).
• Cleopatra on the Web (Some 580 resources, including ancient and modern pictures).
• Cleopatra VII Philopator (مصادر قديمة).
• Cleopatra VII (VI) at LacusCurtius (Chapter XIII of E. R. Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923).
• Cleopatra, a Victorian children's book by Jacob Abbott, 1852, Project Gutenberg edition.
• Genealogy of Cleopatra VII
• (part of the Encyclopædia Romana).
• "Mysterious Death of Cleopatra" at the Discovery Channel
• Cleopatra VII at BBC History

رسومات كليوپاترا

• Sir Thomas Browne: Of the Picture describing the death of Cleopatra (1672)
• John Sartain: On the Antique Portrait of Cleopatra (1818)