الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008

الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008
	Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states/districts won by Obama/Biden, and Red denotes those won by McCain/Palin. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. Obama won one electoral vote (from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district) of Nebraska's five.
الرئيس before election; جورج دبليوبوش; جمهوري	Elected الرئيس ; باراك اوباما; ديمقراطي

الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008، هي الإنتخابات الرئاسية رقم 56 في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. عقدت في أربعة نوفمبر 2008. وفاز بها بارك اوباما مرشح الحزب الديمقراطي، بعد هزيمته للجمهوري جون مكين. حصل اوباما عل 365 صوت، لقاء 173 صوت لمكين.

خلفية

الترشيحات

مرشحوالحزب الديمقراطي

المرشحون

باراك اوباما، سناتور من إلينوي
هيلاري كلينتون، سناتور من نيويورك
John Edwards, former U.S. Senator from كارولينا الشمالية
Bill Richardson, Governor of نيومكسيكو
Dennis Kucinich, U.S. Representative from Ohio
Joe Biden, U.S. Senator from Delaware
Mike Gravel، سناتور سابق من آلاسكا
Christopher Doddسناتور من كونيكتيكت
Tom Vilsack، الحكام السابق لولاية إيوا
Evan Bayh، سناتور من إنديانا
Stephen Colbert، من نيويورك نيويورك

Senator Barack Obama of إلينوي (campaign)
Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton of New York (campaign)
Former Senator John Edwards of كارولينا الشمالية (campaign)
Governor Bill Richardson of نيومكسيكو(campaign)
Representative Dennis Kucinich of Ohio (campaign)
Senator Joe Biden of Delaware (campaign)
Former Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska (campaign)
Senator Christopher Dodd of Connecticut (campaign)
Former Governor Tom Vilsack of Iowa (campaign)
Senator Evan Bayh of Indiana (campaign)
Comedian Stephen Colbert of نيويورك (campaign)

الحملات الانتخابية لاوبماا في أكرون، اوهايوفي 23 فبراير 2008

مرشحوالحزب الجمهوري

المرشحون

جون مكين، سناتور من أريزونا
Mike Huckabeeالحاكم السابق لولاية أركنساس
Mitt Romney، الحاكم السابق لولاية مساتشوستس
Ron Paul، عضومجلس نواب من تكساس
Fred Thompson، سناتور سابق من تنيسي
Duncan Hunter، عضومجلس نواب من كاليفورنيا
Rudy Giuliani، عمدة سابق لمدينة نيويورك
Alan Keyes, former U.S. ECOSOC Ambassador from ماريلاند
Tom Tancredo، عضومجلس نواب من كولورادو
Sam Brownback، سناتور من كنساس
Tommy Thompsonحاكم سابق لولاية ويسكنسن
Jim Gilmore، حاكم سابق لولاية ڤيرجينيا

Senator John McCain of Arizona (campaign)
Former Governor Mike Huckabee of Arkansas (campaign)
Former Governor Mitt Romney of مساتشوستس (campaign)
Representative Ron Paul of Texas (campaign)
Former Senator Fred Thompson of تنسي (campaign)
Representative Duncan Hunter of كاليفورنيا (campaign)
Former Mayor Rudy Giuliani of New York (campaign)
Former U.S. ECOSOC Ambassador Alan Keyes of مريلاند (campaign)
Representative Tom Tancredo of كولورادو(campaign)
Senator Sam Brownback of Kansas
Former Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson of Wisconsin (campaign)
Former Governor Jim Gilmore of ڤرجينيا (campaign)

معرض صور المرشحين

Attorney Ralph Nader of Connecticut (campaign)
Former Representative Bob Barr of Georgia (campaign)
Former Pastor Chuck Baldwin of فلوريدا (campaign)
Former Representative Cynthia McKinney of Georgia (campaign)

تحالفات الحزب

Denver

Saint Paul

Kansas City

Chicago

Sites of the 2008 National Party Conventions

April 23–26, 2008: 2008 Constitution Party National Convention held in Kansas City, Missouri.
May 23–26, 2008: 2008 Libertarian National Convention, held in Denver, Colorado.
July 10–13, 2008: 2008 Green Party National Convention, held in Chicago, Illinois.
August 25–28, 2008: 2008 Democratic National Convention, held in Denver, Colorado.
September 1–4, 2008: 2008 Republican National Convention, held in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

الحملات الانتخابية

John McCain and Sarah Palin onstage with Todd Palin, Cindy McCain and Robert Duvall in Albuquerque, نيومكسيكو, September 6, 2008

قضايا

العراق

عدم شعبية بوش

التغيير لقاء الخبرة

Obama campaigning as a symbol of change in نطقب:USCity with a "Change We Need" sign

الاقتصاد

جدل

تكلفة الحملات

الحملات على الإنترنت

ملخص التكلفة

المرشح (الحزب)	المبلغ المخصص	المبلغ الذي تم إنفاقه	الأصوات	المتوسط لكل صوت
Barack Obama (د)	$532,946,511	$513,557,218	69,498,215	$7.39
John McCain (ج)	$379,006,485	$346,666,422	59,948,240	$5.78
Ralph Nader (I)	$4,496,180	$4,187,628	738,720	$5.67
Bob Barr (ل)	$1,383,681	$1,345,202	523,713	$2.57
Chuck Baldwin (م)	$261,673	$234,309	199,437	$1.17
Cynthia McKinney (خ)	$240,130	$238,968	161,680	$1.48
Excludes spending by independent expenditure concerns. Source: Federal Election Commission

السباق الانتخابي

نقد

الانتخابات

Final poll closing times on Election Day. ██ 7PM EST [00:00 UTC] (6) ██ 7:30PM EST [00:30 UTC] (3) ██ 8PM EST [01:00 UTC] (15+DC) ██ 8:30PM EST [01:30 UTC] (1) ██ 9PM EST [02:00 UTC] (15) ██ 10PM EST [03:00 UTC] (4) ██ 11PM EST [04:00 UTC] (5) ██ 1AM EST [06:00 UTC] (1)

الإقبال على الإنتخابات

النتائج

المرشح الرئاسي	الحزب	الولاية	الصوت الشعبي		الصوت الانتخابي	Running mate
المرشح الرئاسي	الحزب	الولاية	Count	Pct	الصوت الانتخابي	Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Elect. vote
باراك اوباما	ديمقراطي	إلينوي	69,456,897	52.92%	365	Joe Biden	Delaware	365
جون مكين	جمهوري	Arizona	59,934,814	45.66%	173	Sarah Palin	ألاسكا	173
Ralph Nader	Independent	Connecticut	738,475	0.56%	0	Matt Gonzalez	كاليفورنيا	0
Bob Barr	Libertarian	Georgia	523,686	0.40%	0	Wayne Allyn Root	Nevada	0
Chuck Baldwin	Constitution	فلوريدا	199,314	0.15%	0	Darrell Castle	تنسي	0
Cynthia McKinney	Green	Georgia	161,603	0.12%	0	Rosa Clemente	كارولينا الشمالية	0
آخرون			242,539	0.18%	—	آخرون		—
الإجمالي			131,257,328	100%	538			538
المطلوب للفوز					270			270

؛ النتائج حسب الولاية

الولايات/المقاطعات التي فاز فيها اوباما/بايدن
States/districts won by McCain/Palin

الولاية	المنتخبون	أصوات اوباما	%	أصوات بايدن	%	أصوات نادر	%	أصوات بار	%	أصوات بادلوين	%	أصوات ماك كيني	%	آخرون	%	اوباما - ماكين	اوباما + ماكين
Alabama	9	813,479	38.74	1,266,546	60.32	6,788	0.323	4,991	0.238	4,310	0.205			3,705	0.176	-21.58	99.06
Alaska	3	123,594	37.89	193,841	59.42	3,783	1.16	1,589	0.487	1,660	0.509			1,730	0.530	-21.54	97.31
Arizona	10	1,034,707	45.12	1,230,111	53.64	11,301	0.493	12,555	0.547	1,371	0.060	3,406	0.149	24	0.001	-8.52	98.75
Arkansas	6	422,310	38.86	638,017	58.72	12,882	1.19	4,776	0.440	4,023	0.370	3,470	0.319	1,139	0.105	-19.85	97.58
California	55	8,274,473	61.01	5,011,781	36.95	108,381	0.799	67,582	0.498	3,145	0.023	38,774	0.286	57,764	0.426	24.06	97.97
Colorado	9	1,288,576	53.66	1,073,589	44.71	13,350	0.556	10,897	0.454	6,233	0.260	2,822	0.118	5,894	0.245	8.95	98.37
Connecticut	7	997,772	60.59	629,428	38.22	19,162	1.16			311	0.019	90	0.005	29	0.002	22.37	98.81
Delaware	3	255,459	61.94	152,374	36.95	2,401	0.582	1,109	0.269	626	0.152	385	0.093	58	0.014	25.00	98.89
District of Columbia	3	245,800	92.46	17,367	6.53	958	0.360					590	0.222	1,138	0.428	85.92	98.99
Florida	27	4,282,074	51.03	4,045,624	48.22	28,124	0.335	17,218	0.205	7,915	0.094	2,887	0.034	6,902	0.082	2.82	99.25
Georgia	15	1,844,123	46.99	2,048,759	52.20	1,158	0.030	28,731	0.732	1,402	0.036	250	0.006	63	0.002	-5.21	99.19
Hawaii	4	325,871	71.85	120,566	26.58	3,825	0.843	1,314	0.290	1,013	0.223	979	0.216			45.26	98.43
Idaho	4	236,440	36.10	403,012	61.53	7,175	1.10	3,658	0.558	4,747	0.725					-25.43	97.62
Illinois	21	3,419,348	61.92	2,031,179	36.78	30,948	0.560	19,642	0.356	8,256	0.150	11,838	0.214	1,160	0.021	25.14	98.70
Indiana	11	1,374,039	49.95	1,345,648	48.91	909	0.033	29,257	1.06	1,024	0.037	87	0.003	90	0.003	1.03	98.86
Iowa	7	828,940	53.93	682,379	44.39	8,014	0.521	4,590	0.299	4,445	0.289	1,423	0.093	7,332	0.477	9.53	98.32
Kansas	6	514,765	41.65	699,655	56.61	10,527	0.852	6,706	0.543	4,148	0.336	35	0.003	36	0.003	-14.96	98.26
Kentucky	8	751,985	41.17	1,048,462	57.40	15,378	0.842	5,989	0.328	4,694	0.257					-16.23	98.57
Louisiana	9	782,989	39.93	1,148,275	58.56	6,997	0.357			2,581	0.132	9,187	0.469	10,732	0.547	-18.63	98.50
Maine	2*	421,923	57.67	295,273	40.36	10,636	1.45	251	0.034	177	0.024	2,900	0.396	431	0.059	17.31	98.03
ME 1st Dist.	1	232,145	60.51	144,604	37.69	5,263	1.37					1,362	0.355	252	0.066	22.82	98.21
ME 2nd Dist.	1	189,778	54.61	150,669	43.35	5,373	1.55					1,538	0.443	179	0.052	11.25	97.96
Maryland	10	1,629,467	61.92	959,862	36.47	14,713	0.559	9,842	0.374	3,760	0.143	4,747	0.180	9,205	0.350	25.44	98.39
Massachusetts	12	1,904,097	61.80	1,108,854	35.99	28,841	0.936	13,189	0.428	4,971	0.161	6,550	0.213	14,483	0.470	25.81	97.79
Michigan	17	2,872,579	57.43	2,048,639	40.96	33,085	0.661	23,716	0.474	14,685	0.294	8,892	0.178	170	0.003	16.47	98.39
Minnesota	10	1,573,354	54.06	1,275,409	43.82	30,152	1.04	9,174	0.315	6,787	0.233	5,174	0.178	10,319	0.355	10.24	97.88
Mississippi	6	554,662	43.00	724,597	56.18	4,011	0.311	2,529	0.196	2,551	0.198	1,034	0.080	481	0.037	-13.17	99.18
Missouri	11	1,441,911	49.29	1,445,814	49.43	17,813	0.609	11,386	0.389	8,201	0.280	80	0.003			-0.13	98.72
Montana	3	231,667	47.25	242,763	49.52	3,686	0.752	1,355	0.276	143	0.029	23	0.005	10,638	2.17	-2.26	96.77
Nebraska	2*	333,319	41.60	452,979	56.53	5,406	0.675	2,740	0.342	2,972	0.371	1,028	0.128	2,837	0.354	-14.93	98.13
NE 1st Dist.	1	121,468	44.34	148,179	54.09	1,970	0.719	929	0.339	1,019	0.372	393	0.143			-9.75	98.43
NE 2nd Dist.	1	138,752	49.96	135,439	48.76	1,621	0.584	1,007	0.363	604	0.217	321	0.116			1.19	98.72
NE 3rd Dist.	1	73,099	29.63	169,361	68.64	1,815	0.736	804	0.326	1,349	0.547	314	0.127			-39.01	98.26
Nevada	5	533,736	55.15	412,827	42.65	6,150	0.635	4,263	0.440	3,194	0.330	1,411	0.146	6,267	0.648	12.49	97.80
New Hampshire	4	384,826	54.13	316,534	44.52	3,503	0.493	2,217	0.312	226	0.032	40	0.006	3,624	0.510	9.61	98.65
New Jersey	15	2,215,422	57.27	1,613,207	41.70	21,298	0.551	8,441	0.218	3,956	0.102	3,636	0.094	2,277	0.059	15.57	98.98
New Mexico	5	472,422	56.91	346,832	41.78	5,327	0.642	2,428	0.292	1,597	0.192	1,552	0.187			15.13	98.69
New York	31	4,804,701	62.88	2,752,728	36.03	41,248	0.540	19,595	0.256	634	0.008	12,801	0.168	8,936	0.117	26.86	98.91
North Carolina	15	2,142,651	49.69	2,128,474	49.36	1,448	0.034	25,722	0.596			158	0.004	13,942	0.323	0.33	99.04
North Dakota	3	141,278	44.62	168,601	53.25	4,189	1.32	1,354	0.428	1,199	0.379					-8.63	97.87
Ohio	20	2,940,044	51.50	2,677,820	46.91	42,337	0.742	19,917	0.349	12,565	0.220	8,518	0.149	7,149	0.125	4.59	98.41
Oklahoma	7	502,496	34.35	960,165	65.65											-31.29	100.00
Oregon	7	1,037,291	56.75	738,475	40.40	18,614	1.02	7,635	0.418	7,693	0.421	4,543	0.249	13,613	0.745	16.35	97.15
Pennsylvania	21	3,276,363	54.64	2,655,885	44.29	42,977	0.717	19,912	0.332	1,092	0.018					10.35	98.93
Rhode Island	4	296,571	63.13	165,391	35.21	4,829	1.03	1,382	0.294	675	0.144	797	0.170	122	0.026	27.92	98.34
South Carolina	8	862,449	44.90	1,034,896	53.87	5,053	0.263	7,283	0.379	6,827	0.355	4,461	0.232			-8.98	98.77
South Dakota	3	170,924	44.75	203,054	53.16	4,267	1.12	1,835	0.480	1,895	0.496					-8.41	97.91
Tennessee	11	1,087,437	41.83	1,479,178	56.90	11,560	0.445	8,547	0.329	8,191	0.315	2,499	0.096	2,337	0.090	-15.07	98.73
Texas	34	3,528,633	43.68	4,479,328	55.45	5,440	0.067	56,116	0.695	5,395	0.067	831	0.010	2,781	0.034	-11.77	99.13
Utah	5	327,670	34.41	596,030	62.58	8,416	0.884	6,966	0.731	12,012	1.26	982	0.103	294	0.031	-28.18	96.99
Vermont	3	219,262	67.44	98,974	30.44	3,339	1.03	1,067	0.328	500	0.154	66	0.020	1,904	0.586	37.00	97.89
Virginia	13	1,959,532	52.63	1,725,005	46.33	11,483	0.308	11,067	0.297	7,474	0.201	2,344	0.063	6,355	0.171	6.30	98.96
Washington	11	1,750,848	57.65	1,229,216	40.48	29,489	0.971	12,728	0.419	9,432	0.311	3,819	0.126	1,346	0.044	17.18	98.13
West Virginia	5	303,857	42.59	397,466	55.71	7,219	1.01			2,465	0.346	2,355	0.330	89	0.012	-13.12	98.30
Wisconsin	10	1,677,211	56.22	1,262,393	42.31	17,605	0.590	8,858	0.297	5,072	0.170	4,216	0.141	8,062	0.270	13.90	98.53
Wyoming	3	82,868	32.54	164,958	64.78	2,525	0.992	1,594	0.626	1,192	0.468			1,521	0.597	-32.24	97.32
U.S. Total	538	69,498,215	52.93	59,948,240	45.66	738,720	0.563	523,713	0.399	199,437	0.152	161,680	0.123	226,979	0.173	7.27	98.59

Popular vote by county. Red represents counties that went for McCain, Blue represents counties that went for Obama. Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont had all counties go to Obama. Oklahoma had all counties go to McCain.
Presidential popular votes by county as a scale from red/Republican to blue/Democratic.
Cartogram of popular vote with each county rescaled in proportion to its population. Deeper blue represents a Democratic majority, brighter red represents a Republican majority.
Voting shifts per county from the 2004 to the 2008 election. Darker blue indicates the county voted more Democratic. Darker red indicates the county voted more Republican.

المقاطعات/الولايات القريبة

States/districts in the 2008 United States Presidential election where the margin of victory was less than 5%. Blue states/districts went for Obama, red for McCain. Yellow states were won by either candidate by 5% or more. Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Virginia and Iowa were won by Bush in 2004 but were won by Obama by a margin of more than 5% in 2008.

States/districts where the margin of victory was under 5% (88 electoral votes):

Missouri 0.14%
North Carolina 0.32%
Indiana 1.04%
Nebraska's 2nd congressional district 1.19%
Montana 2.25%
Florida 2.82%
Ohio 4.59%

States/districts where margin of victory was more than 5% but less than 10% (64 electoral votes):

Georgia 5.21%
Virginia 6.29%
South Dakota 8.41%
Arizona 8.52%
North Dakota 8.63%
Colorado 8.95%
South Carolina 8.97%
Iowa 9.54%
New Hampshire 9.65%
Pennsylvania 9.69%
Nebraska's 1st congressional district 9.77%

ردود العمل الدولية

تحليل

Swing by state. States are listed by (increasing) percentage of Democratic votes, showing how the share of the vote changed between 2004 and 2008. Only five states trended more Republican: Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and West Virginia.

انظر أيضا

كندا والانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008
تاريخ الولايات المتحدة (1991–الآن )
تنصيب باراك اوباما
انتخابات مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي 2008
انتخابات مجلس النواب الأمريكي 2008

المصادر

^ http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2008/2008presgeresults.pdf
^ "Financial Summary Report Search Results". fec.gov. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
^ http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/

قراءات إضافية

Plouffe, David. The Audacity to Win. 2009
Balz, Dan, and Haynes Johnson. The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election (2009), by leading reporters with inside information
Crotty, William. "Policy and Politics: The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election," Polity, July 2009, Vol. 41 Issue 3, pp 282–311
Curtis, Mark. Age of Obama: A Reporter's Journey With Clinton, McCain and Obama in the Making of the President in 2008 (2009)
Nelson, Michael. The Elections of 2008 (2009), factual summary except and text search
Sussman, Glen. "Choosing a New Direction: The Presidential Election of 2008," White House Studies, 2009, Vol.تسعة Issue 1, pp 1–20
Wolffe, Richard. Renegade: The Making of a President (2010) excerpt and text search, narrative

الناخبون

Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 2008 Elections (2009) excerpt and text search
Corwin E. Smidt and others. The Disappearing God Gap? Religion in the 2008 Presidential Election (Oxford University Press; 2010) 278 pages. Finds that the gap between church-attending traditionalists and other voters is not closing, as has been claimed, but is changing in significant ways; draws on survey data from voters who were interviewed in the spring of 2008 and then again after the election.
Crespino, Joseph. "The U.S. South and the 2008 Election," Southern Spaces (2008) online
Jessee, Stephen A. "Voter Ideology and Candidate Positioning in the 2008 Presidential Election," American Politics Research, March 2010, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp 195–210
Kenski, Kate, Bruce W. Hardy, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. The Obama Victory: How Media, Money, and Message Shaped the 2008 Election (Oxford University Press; 2010) 378 pages. Draws on interviews with key campaign advisors as well as the National Annenberg Election Survey. excerpt and text search
Sabato, Larry. The Year of Obama: How Barack Obama Won the White House (2009)
Todd, Chuck, and Sheldon Gawiser. How Barack Obama Won: A State-by-State Guide to the Historic 2008 Presidential Election (2009) excerpt and text search

وصلات خارجية

الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية 2008 at the Open Directory Project
Beyond Red and Blue:سبعة Ways to View the Presidential Election Map—from Scientific American
Campaign commercials from the 2008 election
How close was the 2008 election?—Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
US Election 2008 Web Monitor
2008 Electoral Map
election coverage
Joseph Crespino, "The U.S. South and the 2008 Election", Southern Spaces, December 11, 2008.

نطقب:United States general elections, 2008