نظام الطبقات في الهند

نظام الطبقات في هند القرن 19
Hindu musician	Muslim merchant
Sikh chief	Arab soldier

Gandhi visiting Madras (now Chennai) in 1933 on an India-wide tour for Harijan causes. His speeches during such tours and writings discussed the discriminated-against castes of India.

النظام الطبقي في الهند هونظام تقسيم اجتماعي ذوجذور قديمة، عززته حكومة الراج البريطاني، التي جعلت من التنظيم الطبقي الصارم آلية أساسية للنظام الإداري.

ينقسم الناس في هذا النظام حسب الطبقة (فارنا) والفئة (جاتي):

الطبقة (فارنا): وتشير إلى الطبقات الاجتماعية الأربع التي وُجدت في المجتمع الفيدي، وهي البرهمن والكشاتريا والفايشيا والسودرا. وقد استُبعدت كليةً من نظام الفارنا طائفة تعهد باسم الداليت، وهي طائفة ما زالت تعامل حاليًا معاملة المنبوذين.
الفئة (جاتي): وتشير إلى الأصل. وقد تطورت الفئات في العصور ما بعد الفيدية، وذلك فيما يظهر بتبلور روابط أبناء المهنة الواحدة أثناء الحقبة الإقطاعية.

التاريخ

From the 1850s, photography was used in Indian subcontinent by the British for anthropological purposes, helping classify the different castes, tribes and native trades. Included in this collection were Hindu, Muslim and Buddhist (Sinhalese) people classified by castes. Above is an 1860s photograph of Rajputs, classified as the highest secular Hindu caste. Amongst the Rajput clans, Chohans, descendants of warrior princes, were classified as having the highest position.

قسم البريطانيون الهنود في الفترة بين عامي 1860 و1920 حسب طبقاتهم، مانحين الوظائف الإدارية والمناصب الرفيعة فقط لأولئك الذين ينتمون إلى الطبقات العليا. غير حتى القلاقل الاجتماعية التي سقطت في عشرينيات القرن العشرين أجبرت البريطانيين على تغيير هذه السياسة واتباع سياسة التمييز الإيجابي بتخصيص نسبة معينة من وظائف الحكومة لأبناء الطبقات الدنيا.

الهند المعاصرة

The massive 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests

الجدول 1. توزيع التعداد حسب الدين وتصنيفات الطبقات
Religion/Caste	SCs	STs	OBCs	Forward Caste/Others
Hinduism	22.2%	9%	42.8%	26%
Islam	0.8%	0.5%	39.2%	59.5%
Christianity	9.0%	32.8%	24.8%	33.3%
Sikhism	30.7%	0.9%	22.4%	46.1%
Jainism	0.0%	2.6%	3.0%	94.3%
Buddhism	89.5%	7.4%	0.4%	2.7%
Zoroastrianism	0.0%	15.9%	13.7%	70.4%
Others	2.6%	82.5%	6.25	8.7%
Total	19.7%	8.5%	41.1%	30.8%

بعد استقلال الهند، صار تقسيم الوظائف على أساس الطبقة أمرًا رسميًا حسب قوائم رسمية تُدرج فيها الطبقات والقبائل المتنوعة. وقد عملت الهند منذ سنة 1950 عدة قوانين ومبادرات اجتماعية لحماية وتعزيز الظروف الاجتماعية لأبناء الطبقات الدنيا. وقد قضت المحكمة العليا الهندية بأنقد يكون تقسيم الأنصبة عند القبول في الكليات والجامعات والوظائف وغيرها على أساس الوراثة، ولا يُسمح بانتنطق تصنيف الفرد من طبقة إلى أخرى. وتجرم المادة 15 من الدستور الهندي التمييز ضد الطبقات الدنيا، ورغم ذلك تقع أعمال عنف بين الحين والآخر ضد طائفة المنبوذين.

البوذية الحديثة

A 1922 stereograph of Hindu children of high caste, Bombay. This was part of Underwood & Underwood stereoscope journey of colonial world. This and related collections became controversial for staging extreme effects and constructing identities of various colonised nations. Christopher Pinney remarks such imaging was a part of surveillance and imposed identities upon Indians that were resented.

B. R. Ambedkar delivering a speech to a rally at Yeola, Nasik, on 13 October 1935

تأثير المعونات الحكومية

إحصائيات العمر المتسقط لجماعات الطبقات الهندية
	متوسط العمر المتسقط عند الولادة (بالأعوام)
Castes group	1998–1999	2005–2006
Lowest castes	61.5	64.6
Other backward castes	63.5	65.7
Poor, tribal populations	57.5	56.9
Poor, upper castes	61.9	62.7
National average	63.8	65.5

أدت تلك المبادرات الحكومية بمرور الوقت إلى تمكن أبناء الطبقات الدنيا من الوصول إلى المناصب السياسية العليا، وكان أبرز مثال على ذلك انتخاب ك. ر. نارايانان ـ الذي ينتمي إلى طائفة الداليت ـ رئيسًا للبلاد بين عامي 1997 و2002.

انظر أيضاً

نظام الطبقات في أفريقيا
نظام الطبقات في سري لانكا
طبقة اجتماعية

الهامش

المراجع

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