فرانز مسمر Franz Mesmer ، (عاش 23 مايو1734 –خمسة مارس 1815) ، هوفيزيائي ألماني ، مهتما بفهم الفلك . was a German physician with an interest in astronomy, who theorised that there was a natural energetic transference that occurred between all animated and inanimate objects that he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism[1]) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. Mesmerism is considered to be a form of vitalism and shares features with other vitalist theories that also emphasize the movement of life "energy" through distinct channels in the body. In 1843 James Braid, a Scottish physician proposed the term hypnosis for a technique derived from magnetism but more limited in its claimed effects, and also different in its conception. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize".

حياته المبكرة

ظهور المغناطيسية الحيوانية

الإجراءات

التحقيق

بعد مسمر

انظر أيضا

• , a 1994 film written by Dennis Potter, directed by Roger Spottiswoode, and starring Alan Rickman as Mesmer.

الأعمال

• De planetarum influxu in corpus humanum (Über den Einfluss der Gestirne auf den menschlichen Körper; "The Influence of the Planets on the Human Body" / original language: Latin) (1766).
• Sendschreiben an einen auswärtigen Arzt über die Magnetkur ("Circulatory letter to a foreign physician about the magnetic cure" / original language: German) (1775).
• Mesmerismus oder System der Wechsel-beziehungen. Theorie und Andwendungen des tierischen Magnetismus ("Mesmerism or the system of inter-relations. Theory and applications of animal magnetism" / original language: German) (1814).

أخرى

• Among Mesmer's followers was Armand-Marc-Jacques Chastenet, Marquis de Puységur (1751–1825), who discovered induced or artificial somnambulism.
• Mesmer is mentioned in Edgar Allan Poe's short story A Tale of the Ragged Mountains.
• Mesmer and his technique are key elements in Kiyoshi Kurosawa's film Cure.
• In his early writings, F. Anton Mesmer used a way of exposing his ideas very similar to the way of writing of the ancient alchemists. His way of thinking shows clearly the influence of the alchemists' ideas. He sees three basic elements: God, Energy (movement), Matter (on the top left in the guide), analog to Sulphur, Mercury and Salt, (Soul, spirit and body) of the alchemists. Some of his writings used therefore symbols to represent these and other meaningful concepts. He used over 100 symbols in a text sometimes, making it difficult, if not impossible, to read without a guide to the symbols. The idea behind it is that images are the basis for a true understanding while instead words can lead to many different and opposite meanings.
• The multiplayer online role-playing game series Guild Wars features a profession called the Mesmer, which focuses on illusion and hypnotic spells.
• A magical ability in the series of novels is named after Mesmer.

الهوامش

المصادر

• "Report of the Commissioners charged by the King in the examination of Animal Magnetism" (originally published 1784), English translation in Skeptic magazine of the Skeptic society, vol أربعة no ثلاثة 1996.
• "Classics: memoir on the discovery of animal magnetism (Franz A. Mesmer)". Actas luso-españolas de neurología, psiquiatría y ciencias afines (in Spanish). 1 (5): 733–9. 1973. ISSN 0300-5062. PMID 4593210. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Akstein D (1967). "Mesmer, the precursor of spiritual medicine (I)". Revista Brasileira de Medicina (in Portuguese). 24 (4): 253–7. ISSN 0034-7264. PMID 4881184. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Darnton, Robert (1968). Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN .
• Eckert H (1955). "An unknown portrait of Franz Anton Mesmer". Gesnerus (in German). 12 (1–2): 44–6. ISSN 0016-9161. PMID 13305809. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Ellenberger, Henri (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books. ISBN .
• Forrest D (2002). "Mesmer". The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 50 (4): 295–308. doi:10.1080/00207140208410106. ISSN 0020-7144. PMID 12362948. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Gallo DA, Finger S (2000). "The power of a musical instrument: Franklin, the Mozarts, Mesmer, and the glass armonica". History of Psychology. 3 (4): 326–43. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.3.4.326. ISSN 1093-4510. PMID 11855437. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Gould, Stephen (1991). Bully for Brontosaurus. New York: Norton. ISBN .
• Gravitz MA (1994). "The first use of self-hypnosis: Mesmer mesmerizes Mesmer". The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 37 (1): 49–52. doi:10.1080/00029157.1994.10403109. ISSN 0002-9157. PMID 8085546. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Iannini R (1992). "Mesmer and mesmerism". Medicina nei Secoli (in Italian). 4 (3): 71–83. ISSN 0394-9001. PMID 11640137. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Kihlstrom JF (2002). "Mesmer, the Franklin Commission, and hypnosis: a counterfactual essay". The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 50 (4): 407–19. doi:10.1080/00207140208410114. ISSN 0020-7144. PMID 12362956. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Lopez CA (1993). "Franklin and Mesmer: an encounter". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 66 (4): 325–31. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 2588895. PMID 8209564. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Makari GJ (1994). "Franz Anton Mesmer and the case of the blind pianist". Hospital & Community Psychiatry. 45 (2): 106–10. ISSN 0022-1597. PMID 8168786. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Mesmer, Franz (1980). Mesmerism. Los Altos: W. Kaufman. ISBN .
• Miodoński L (2001). "Romantic medicine in Germany as the philosophical explication for understanding the world and man - Mesmer and mesmerism". Medycyna Nowozytna (in Polish). 8 (2): 5–32. ISSN 1231-1960. PMID 12568094. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Parish D (1990). "Mesmer and his critics". New Jersey Medicine : the Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey. 87 (2): 108–10. ISSN 0885-842X. PMID 2407974. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Pattie, Frank (1994). Mesmer and Animal Magnetism. Hamilton: Edmonston Pub. ISBN .
• Pattie FA (1979). "A Mesmer-Paradis myth dispelled". The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 22 (1): 29–31. doi:10.1080/00029157.1979.10403997. ISSN 0002-9157. PMID 386774. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Prinz, Armin (1994). Mesmer, Franz Anton in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 17. http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118581309.html
• Schott H (1982). "Die Mitteilung des Lebensfeuers. Zum therapeutischen Konzept von Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)". Medizinhistorisches Journal. 17 (3): 195–214. ISSN 0025-8431. PMID 11615917.
• Schott H (1984). "Mesmer, Braid and Bernheim: on the history of the development of hypnotism". Gesnerus (in German). 41 (1–2): 33–48. ISSN 0016-9161. PMID 6378725. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Shultheisz E (1965). "MESMER AND MESMERISM". Orvosi Hetilap (in Hungarian). 106: 1427–30. ISSN 0030-6002. PMID 14347842. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Spiegel D (2002). "Mesmer minus magic: hypnosis and modern medicine". The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 50 (4): 397–406. doi:10.1080/00207140208410113. ISSN 0020-7144. PMID 12362955. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Stone MH (1974). "Mesmer and his followers: the beginnings of sympathetic treatment of childhood emotional disorders" (Free full text). History of Childhood Quarterly. 1 (4): 659–79. ISSN 0091-4266. PMID 11614567. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Voegele GE (1956). "The relation of Mesmer to Mozart". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 112 (10): 848–9. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 13302494. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Watkins D (1976). "Franz Anton Mesmer; founder of psychotherapy". Nursing Mirror and Midwives Journal. 142 (22): 66–7. ISSN 0143-2524. PMID 778805. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Franz Mesmer.

• Mesmer's 27 Propositions (Via archive.org)
• Pictorial web-exhibit based on a handful of works from the Bakken’s extensive collection of books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and journals documenting the mesmerist movement.
• Memoires de Mesmer digitalized copy of Mesmer's memoirs written by himself (original version, in French)
• Deleuze's account of Mesmer's experiments