زلزال قص فائق

زلزال قص فائق supershear earthquake، هوزلزال يتميز بالسرعة العالية لانتشار التمزق على طول سطح الصفيحة in excess of the seismic shear wave velocity. This causes a form of sonic boom to occur.

سرعة انتشار التمزق

During seismic events along a fault surface the displacement initiates at the focus and then propagates outwards. Typically the focus lies towards one end of the slip surface and much of the propagation is unidirectional (e.g. the 2008 Sichuan and 2004 Indian Ocean earthquakes). Theoretical studies have in the past suggested that the upper bound for propagation velocity is that of Rayleigh waves, approximately 0.92 of the shear wave velocity. However, evidence of propagation at velocities between S-wave and P-wave values have been reported for several earthquakes in agreement with theoretical and laboratory studies that support the possibility of rupture propagation in this velocity range.

حدوثه

نموذج 1، 2، 3، للصدوع.

أمثلة

لوحظ بشكل مباشر

زلزال إزمت 1999، بقوة، M_w 7.6 صاحبه حركة إنزلاق في North Anatolian Fault Zone
زلزال كونلون 2001، بقوة، M_w 7.8 صاحبه حركة إنزلاق في Kunlun fault
زلزال دنالي 2002، بقوة، M_w 7.9 صاحبه حركة إنزلاق في Denali Fault
2010 Yushu earthquake, magnitude M_w 6.9 associated with strike-slip movement on the Yushu Fault

أُستدل عليه

زلزال سان فرانسيسكو1906، بقوة M_w 7.8 صاحبه حركة إنزلاق في San Andreas Fault
زلزال إمپريال ڤالي 1979، بقوة 6.4 صاحبه حركة إنزلاق في Imperial Fault

انظر أيضاً

زلزال بطئ

المصادر

^ A century after the 1906 earthquake, geophysicists revisit 'The Big One' and come up with a new model, Press release, Stanford University
^ Broberg,K.B. 1996. How fast can a crack go?. Materials Science, 32, 80-86
^ Archuleta,R.J. 1984. A faulting model for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4559–4585.
^ Ellsworth,W.L. & Celebi,M. 1999. Near Field Displacement Time Histories of the M 7.4 Kocaeli (Izimit), Turkey, Earthquake of August 17, 1999, Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting Suppl. 80, F648.
^ Okubo, P. G. (1989). Dynamic rupture modeling with laboratory-derived constitutive relations, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 12321-12335
^ Rosakis,A.J., Samudrala,O. & Coker,D. 1999. Cracks Faster than the Shear Wave Speed. Science, 284. no. 5418, pp. 1337 - 1340
^ [1] Bouchon, M., M.-P. Bouin, H. Karabulut, M. N. Toksöz, M. Dietrich, and A. J. Rosakis (2001), How Fast is Rupture During an Earthquake ? New Insights from the 1999 Turkey Earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(14), 2723–2726.]
^ Bouchon,M. & Vallee,M. 2003.Observation of Long Supershear Rupture During the Magnitude 8.1 Kunlunshan Earthquake, Science, 301, 824-826.
^ Walker, K.T. (2009). "Illuminating the near-sonic rupture velocities of the intracontinental Kokoxili Mw 7.8 and Denali fault Mw 7.9 strike-slip earthquakes with global P wave back projection imaging" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (B02304). doi:10.1029/2008JB005738. Retrieved 1 May 2011. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Dunham,E.M. & Archuleta,R.J. 2004.Evidence for a Supershear Transient during the 2002 Denali Fault Earthquake, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92, S256-S268
^ Wang, D. (2012). "The 2010 Qinghai, China, Earthquake: A Moderate Earthquake with Supershear Rupture". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Seismological Society of America. 102 (1): 301–308. doi:10.1785/0120110034. Retrieved 24 April 2012. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Song,S. Beroza,G.C. & Segall,P. 2005. Evidence for supershear rupture during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Eos.Trans.AGU, 86(52), Fall Meet.Suppl., Abstract S12A-05

وصلات خارجية

Eric Dunham's webpage on Supershear Dynamics
New Scientist article on Supershear earthquakes

[1] A century after the 1906 earthquake, geophysicists revisit 'The Big One' and come up with a new model, Press release, Stanford University

[2] Broberg,K.B. 1996. How fast can a crack go?. Materials Science, 32, 80-86

[Archuleta-3] Archuleta,R.J. 1984. A faulting model for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4559–4585.

[4] Ellsworth,W.L. & Celebi,M. 1999. Near Field Displacement Time Histories of the M 7.4 Kocaeli (Izimit), Turkey, Earthquake of August 17, 1999, Am. Geophys. Union, Fall Meeting Suppl. 80, F648.

[5] Okubo, P. G. (1989). Dynamic rupture modeling with laboratory-derived constitutive relations, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 12321-12335

[6] Rosakis,A.J., Samudrala,O. & Coker,D. 1999. Cracks Faster than the Shear Wave Speed. Science, 284. no. 5418, pp. 1337 - 1340

[7] [1] Bouchon, M., M.-P. Bouin, H. Karabulut, M. N. Toksöz, M. Dietrich, and A. J. Rosakis (2001), How Fast is Rupture During an Earthquake ? New Insights from the 1999 Turkey Earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(14), 2723–2726.]

[8] Bouchon,M. & Vallee,M. 2003.Observation of Long Supershear Rupture During the Magnitude 8.1 Kunlunshan Earthquake, Science, 301, 824-826.

[Walker-9] Walker, K.T. (2009). "Illuminating the near-sonic rupture velocities of the intracontinental Kokoxili Mw 7.8 and Denali fault Mw 7.9 strike-slip earthquakes with global P wave back projection imaging" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (B02304). doi:10.1029/2008JB005738. Retrieved 1 May 2011. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[10] Dunham,E.M. & Archuleta,R.J. 2004.Evidence for a Supershear Transient during the 2002 Denali Fault Earthquake, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92, S256-S268

[Wang-11] Wang, D. (2012). "The 2010 Qinghai, China, Earthquake: A Moderate Earthquake with Supershear Rupture". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Seismological Society of America. 102 (1): 301–308. doi:10.1785/0120110034. Retrieved 24 April 2012. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[12] Song,S. Beroza,G.C. & Segall,P. 2005. Evidence for supershear rupture during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Eos.Trans.AGU, 86(52), Fall Meet.Suppl., Abstract S12A-05

جزء من سلسلة منطقات عن الزلازل
الأنواع
هزة سابقة • هزة تابعة • الدفع الأعمى مزدوج • بين الصفائح • داخل الصفيحة الدفع الهائل • مثارة عن بعد • بطيء تحت الماء • قص فائق تسونامي • Earthquake swarm
الأسباب
حركة الفوالق • نشاط بركاني • Induced seismicity
الخصائص
مركز الزلزال • بؤرة الزلزال • منطقة الظل موجة سيزمية • الموجة پي • الموجة إس
القياس
مقاييس زلزالية • السيزموگراف مقياس مدة الزلزال
التنبؤ
اللجنة المنسقة لتسقط الزلازل حساس بالزلازل
أخرى
فصم موجة القص • معادلة أدمز-وليامسون مناطق فلين-إنگدال • هندسة الزلزال Seismite • فهم الزلازل